Respiratory

Front 1

functions of the respiratory system

Back 1

gas exchangel provide o2 eliminate co2. short term regulation of the ph of blood.

Front 2

non respiratory functions of the respiratory system

Back 2

defence against microbes
phonation (forming sounds)
trapping and dissolving of blood clots
ventilation of the airways contributes to body heat and body water loss

Front 3

upper airway made of

Back 3

nasal cavity, nostril, mouth pharynx and larynx

Front 4

lower airway made of

Back 4

trachea, lung, bronchi and diaphragm

Front 5

airway branching how many divisions to the level of the alveoli

Back 5

23

Front 6

conducting zone composition

Back 6

trachea, bronchi, brionchioles and terminal bronchioles.

Front 7

respiratory zone composition

Back 7

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveolar sacs

Front 8

steps of respiration

Back 8

1) ventilation: exchange of air between atmosphere and alveoli by BULK FLOW
2) exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveolar and blood in lung capillareis by DIFFUSION
3)transport of O2 and CO2 through pulmonary and systemic circulation by BULK FLOW
4) exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood in tissue capillaries and cells in tissues by DIFFUSION
5) cellular utilization of O2 and production of CO2

Front 9

5 pieces of body for breathing

Back 9

wall of thorax, ribs, spinal column, the sternum and intercostal muscles

Front 10

thorax (composition)

Back 10

closed compartment
sealed at the neck

seperated from the abdomen by dome shaped diaphragm

contains lowar part of trachea and two lungs

Front 11

pleural sac (composition)

Back 11

parietal pleura = lining of the chest wall
visceral pleura = surface of the lung

Front 12

parietal and visceral pleura are separated by what?

Back 12

the pleural space (which is full of intrapleural fluid)

Front 13

lungs elastic recoil in or out?

Back 13

in

Front 14

chest wall recoil in or out?

Back 14

out

Front 15

is the intrapleural pressure positive or negative

Back 15

negative. relative to atmospheric pressure. suction.

Front 16

what does intrapleural pressure facilitate

Back 16

when the chest expands the lungs expand with it

Front 17

alveolar pressure definition

Back 17

pressure within the alveoli relative to the atmospheric pressure

Front 18

transpulmonary pressure definition

Back 18

is the pressure difference between the alveoli and the pleural cavity (force acting to expand the lungs)

Front 19

intrapleural pressure amount

Back 19

-4mmHg

Front 20

transpulmonary pressure eq

Back 20

ptp = palv - pip

Front 21

tidal volume (value and definition)

Back 21

0.5L

amount of air inhaled or exhale in on breath during relaxed quiet breathing

Front 22

inspiratory reserve volume (value and definition)

Back 22

3L
in excess of tidal breath that can be inhaled with max effort

Front 23

expiratory reserve volume (value and definition)

Back 23

1.2L
in excess of tidal breath can be exhaled with max effort

Front 24

residual volume (value and definition)

Back 24

1.2L

amount of air remaining in lungs after max expiration

Front 25

vital capacity value and def

Back 25

4.7L
max exh after max inhal. used to asses strength of thoracic muscle

Front 26

inspiratory capacity value and def

Back 26

3.5L

maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after tidal expiration

Front 27

functional residual capacity value and def

Back 27

2.4L
amount of air remaining in lungs after a normal tidal exp

Front 28

total lung capacity value and def

Back 28

5.9L
max amount of air the lungs can contain

Front 29

minute ventilation eq

Back 29

=total gas flow into the lungs per minute or minute volume.
=tidal volume x frequency of breaths per min

Front 30

dead space volume

Back 30

150mL

Front 31

alveolar volume eq

Back 31

tidal volume - dead space volume

Front 32

dead space ventilation

Back 32

dead space x freq of breathing

Front 33

physiological dead space eq

Back 33

anatomical dead space + alveolar dead space

Front 34

what has to happen for lung expansion to occur

Back 34

transpulmonary pressure = palv - pip (more suction)
have to have a certain ptp to fill lungs

Front 35

lung compliance def

Back 35

the degree to which the lung will distend for a given change in transpulmonary pressure

Front 36

compliance eq

Back 36

C=Vd/ptp

Front 37

what disease has high compliance

Back 37

emphysema

Front 38

what disease has low compliance

Back 38

pulmonary fibrosis

Front 39

2 determinants of lung compliance

Back 39

elastic elements in the alveolar interstitium

the surface tension at the interface between air and a layer of fluid on the wall of the alveolus

Front 40

what percentage of elastic recoil do elasric fibres count for

Back 40

25%

Front 41

what percentage of elastic recoil does surface tension count for

Back 41

75%

Front 42

what is the thing that reduces surface tension

Back 42

surfactant. increases lung compliance.

Front 43

which cells produce surfactant

Back 43

type two alveolar cells

Front 44

under what age to people no produce surfactant

Back 44

35h wweek of gestation

Front 45

airway flow eq

Back 45

pb-palv/airway resistance

Front 46

3 major determinants of airway resistance are

Back 46

viscosity of air, length and diameter

Front 47

where is the major site of airway resistance

Back 47

bronchii (bronchioles)

Front 48

why asthma makes it hard to breath

Back 48

bronchial tubes tighten
blockage by mucus or by inflammation

Front 49

steady state exchange fo gases

Back 49

the v of o2 leaving the tissue capillaries and consumed by the cells = the v of o2 entering the pulmonary capillaries from the alveoli

Front 50

conc of o2 in arterial blood

Back 50

200ml/min. bc o2 transport = 1000mlmin/co = 5lmin

Front 51

rq when fat, protein and carbs

Back 51

0.7, 0.8 and 1

Front 52

partial pressure eq

Back 52

px = fractional conc x total pressure

Front 53

alveolar po2 3 determining factors

Back 53

po2 of inspired air, alveolar ventilation and the rate of o2 extraction from the alveoli into the blood

Front 54

voluntary increased alveolar ventilation affect on co2 and o2

Back 54

o2 increases bc still same amount used
co2 decreases because blown out

Front 55

ficks law

Back 55

P x D x (surface area/thickness of wall)