Respiration

Front 1

How are all gases moved intercellularly throughout the body?

Back 1

diffusion, according to partial pressure

Front 2

Fick's Law of Diffusion

Back 2

-dV/dt = A/T * Diffusion coefficient * (P1 - P2)
-the rate of transfer of a gas through a sheet of tissue is proportional to the tissue area and the difference in gas partial pressure between the two sides, and inversely proportional to tissue thickness

Front 3

diffusion coefficient

Back 3

deals with permeability of gas through cell membrane—fixed, constant, diffuse quickly

Front 4

surface area for gas exchange in the lung

Back 4

200m^2

Front 5

pulmonary artery

Back 5

from heart to lungs, deoxygenated blood

Front 6

pulmonary vein

Back 6

from lungs to heart, oxygenated blood

Front 7

diaphragm

Back 7

-a huge sheet of muscle, reasonably thin, helps seal off the thoracic cavity so the pressure in there is distinctly different
-when contracted, flattens out, pulling everything downward

Front 8

intercostals

Back 8

- muscles on the ribs
-external flex for inhalation
-internal flax for exhalation

Front 9

How many lobes does each lung have?

Back 9

-the right has 3
-the left has 2

Front 10

What are the types of pleural membranes? Where do they lie?

Back 10

-the visceral surrounds the lung
-the parietal lies next to the chest cavity

Front 11

What is the order of air flow?

Back 11

1. nose and mouth
2. larynx
3. trachea
4. left and right primary bronchi, then secondary
5. the bronchi branch off into smaller bronchioles with smooth muscle
6. bronchioles feed into alveoli
7. alveoli to capillary bes

Front 12

alveolus

Back 12

-air sacs that increase surface area for gas exchange
-covered in elastin so that exhalation requires no energy

Front 13

cells lining trachea

Back 13

-Goblet cells make/secrete mucous and put on surface of trachea
-Columnar ciliated epithelial cells beat and push water and mucous up the trachea into larynx and up into the mouth

Front 14

Types of alveoli

Back 14

-Type I alveolar cell type deal with gas exchange
-Type II make surfactin, which is important for decreasing surface tension
-macrophages protect lung from foreign material

Front 15

How many cell membranes must gas go through to reach RBCs?

Back 15

5

Front 16

How many respiratory regions (airway numbers) are there?

Back 16

24

Front 17

Where does the conducting zone transition to the respiratory zone?

Back 17

respiratory region 17

Front 18

What is the trend with airway number and cross-sectional area?

Back 18

cross-sectional area increases with airway number, increasing dramatically around the respiratory zone

Front 19

What are the three important pressures to know concerning respiration?

Back 19

1. barometric pressure of the atmosphere
2. intrapleural pressue
3. alveolar pressure

Front 20

intrapleural pressure

Back 20

-always negative
-always near -3mmHg
-helps keep the lung expanded

Front 21

Actions of inhalation

Back 21

1. diaphragm contracts, moves into abdominal region
2. decrease in volume in space in thoracic cavity
3. decrease in intrapleural pressure
4. decrease in alveolar pressure
5. air moves down pressure gradient from barometric to alveolar

Front 22

Actions of exhalation

Back 22

1. diaphragm relaxes
2. intrapleural pressure increases to a less negative amount
3. air moves back from greater alveolar pressure to lower barometric pressure

Front 23

What muscles do we use when we take deeper breaths?

Back 23

-external intercostals
-scalena
-sternoclidomastoids

Front 24

What muscles do we use when we exhale deeply?

Back 24

-internal intercostals
-abdominals

Front 25

Law of LaPlace

Back 25

Pressure = 2xtension/radius of void in alveolus

Front 26

Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Back 26

-infants born without surfactant
-cortisol used to stimulate production

Front 27

pneumonia

Back 27

water buildup in the alveoli increases the diffusion distance

Front 28

Roles of surfactant

Back 28

-increases stability of alveoli
-helps regulates alveolar moisture
-increases compliance of the lung, or how well the lung can get volume of air from a given pressure gradient

Front 29

the diaphragm's two components when it moves

Back 29

-pump handle
-bucket handle

Front 30

respiratory minute volume (RMV)

Back 30

volume/breath x breaths/min

Front 31

hystoresis

Back 31

-the curve of lung volume and pressure gradient have separate lines for inhalation and exhalation
-exhalation has a building curve downward to the left
-inhalation has a building curve upward to the right

Front 32

How much air do we normally take in per breath? What is it called?

Back 32

-500mL
-tidal volume

Front 33

How much dead space volume do we have? Where is it?

Back 33

-150mL
-in the trachea and bronchi

Front 34

What is the tidal volume of a deep breath? How much can it improve alveolar ventilation?

Back 34

-750mL
-from 4200 mL/min to 4800 mL/min

Front 35

air flow

Back 35

1.) Q = pressure gradient/resistance
2.) Q = pressure gradient x radius^4

Front 36

Partial pressures of O2

Back 36

•159 mmHg in dry atmosphere
•149 in moist atmosphere
•100 mmHg inside lungs
•40 mmHg inside pulmonary artery (deoxygenated)
•100 mmHg inside pulmonary vein (oxygenated)

Front 37

Partial pressures of CO2

Back 37

•40 mmHg inside lungs
•46 mmHg inside pulmonary artery
•40 mmHg inside pulmonary vein

Front 38

2 types of respiratory pigments

Back 38

•hemoglobin
•myglobin

Front 39

blood volume percentages

Back 39

•40-50% is RBC
•1-2% is WBC
•55% is plasma

Front 40

How many O2s does hemoglobin bind?

Back 40

4

Front 41

Structure of hemoglobin

Back 41

4 heme groups (containing porphyrin and iron+2), which carries the O2, and 4 protein groups (2 alpha, 2 beta in a quaternary structure), which determines how oxygen gets on and off the heme group

Front 42

What gives rise to the sigmoidal shape in the oxygen dissociation curve?

Back 42

heme-heme interactions

Front 43

What is hemoglobin's normal saturation pressure?

Back 43

100 mmHg

Front 44

Factors that decreases hemoglobin affinity?

Back 44

•increase in pCO2
•decrease in blood pH
•increase 2,3-diphosphoglycerate

Front 45

2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG)

Back 45

•only binds to beta chains of proteins
•these levels increase with altitude
•the higher you go, the lower the partial pressure of O2 and your respiratory/min volume increases to compensate and you blow off more CO2 than you normally do

Front 46

How does fetal hemoglobin preferentially receive oxygen over its mother?

Back 46

2 alpha and 2 gamma (not beta) chains, with higher affinity than the mother's affinity by about a factor of 2, by not binding to the 2,3-DPG

Front 47

myoglobin

Back 47

•found in tissue, mostly skeletal muscle
•only binds to 1 O2
•regular Michaelis-Menten graph, no sigmoidal curve

Front 48

How is CO2 carried out of the body?

Back 48

•moves from tissue to blood plasma to RBC
•when it enters the RBC, carbonic anhydrase combines it with water to make carbonic acid and later bicarbonate
•bicarbonate is transported to the plasma as a chloride ion enters the cell via a chloride shift
•on carbamino hemoglobin, some of the the CO2 is carried on the Hb
•when the bicarbonate reaches the lung, where CO2 is low, the carbonic anhydrase runs the reaction in the opposite direction, releasing the CO2

Front 49

Is CO2 normally thought of as acidic or basic?

Back 49

acidic

Front 50

carbon monoxide poisoning

Back 50

•CO binds to Hb with a very high affinity, which compromises the Hb's ability to be saturated with oxygen
•any oxygen that is on the Hb is less likely to leave
•treated with a hyperbaric chamber filled with pure oxygen

Front 51

What kind of neural activity is respiration?

Back 51

autonomic, or involuntary

Front 52

medulla

Back 52

controls respiration by controlling the muscles involved

Front 53

What role does the pons play in respiration?

Back 53

•ending inspiration
•when the pons is cut, dogs had a hard time cutting off inspirations

Front 54

chemoreceptors

Back 54

take in information pertaining to pO2, pCO2 and pH

Front 55

central chemoreceptors

Back 55

on the medulla

Front 56

peripheral chemoreceptors

Back 56

in the aorta and carotids

Front 57

hypercapnia

Back 57

•an increase of pCO2 in the alveoli means an increase in breathing rate and breathing depth
•leads to hyperventilation as a compensatory response, which increases O2 levels
•since CO2 is acidic, pH chemoreceptors also play a role

Front 58

When pCO2 increases from 38 mmHg to 50 mmHg...

Back 58

RMV increases

Front 59

When pO2 increases from 40 mmHg to 60 mmHg...

Back 59

RMV decreases

Front 60

baroreceptors

Back 60

•take in information pertaining to blood pressure
•found in carotids and aorta
•decrease in pressure causes compensatory increase in RMV

Front 61

exercise's effects on respiratory rate

Back 61

•increases in RMV, rate and depth because higher brain centers are coupled with the cerebellum, which is responsible for many motor responses, which feeds brain activity into the medulla

Front 62

vagus nerve

Back 62

may also carry information about whether the lungs are filled with air

Front 63

dorsal respiratory group

Back 63

•found in the medulla
•takes in inspiratory information

Front 64

ventral respiratory group

Back 64

•found in the medulla
•deals with exhalation

Front 65

Herring Breur reflex

Back 65

•stretch receptors ensure we don't draw in too much air
•happens in dogs, not so much humans