Resp 1 - Severson Development

Front 1

The origin of the respiratory diverticulum is from the ____ portion of the primitive _____. Also caudal to what # pair of pharyngeal pouches?

Back 1

caudal
pharynx

fourth

Front 2

What layer of the GI tract develops into the following respiratory structures....
Epithelium and glands of larynx
Trachea
bronchi
pulmonary epithelium

Back 2

endoderm (turns to respiratory diverticulum)

Front 3

What splanchnic layer develops into the following...
Connective tissue
cartilage
smooth muscle

Back 3

mesoderm

Front 4

Laryngeal cartilage is an exception to the rule and is developed from what?
Where does the rest of the cartilage in the respiratory tract come from?

Back 4

Neural crest mesenchyme

Splanchnic mesoderm

Front 5

Cranial part of foregut divided by _________ folds and septum into a _________ tube and dorsal portion

Back 5

tracheoesophageal

laryngotracheal (becomes larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs)

Front 6

Dorsal portion of the tracheoesophageal folds eventually forms the oropharynx and waht?

Back 6

esophagus

Front 7

Which of the following components of the respiratory system do NOT develop from the endoderm of the respiratory diverticulum?
Alveolar type I pneumocytes
Ciliated cuboidal epithelium of the bronchioles
Clara cells
Pseudostratified column ciliated epithelium
Seromucous glands of the trachea

Back 7

Alveolar macrophages

Front 8

The mesenchyme surrounding the lung buds determines the pattern of their growth and gives rise to the:
alveolar macrophages.
epithelial lining of the alveolar sac.
pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium.
smooth muscle.
type II pneumocytes

Back 8

Smooth muscle (from splanchnic mesenchyme)

Front 9

Epithelial lining of the larynx is derived from the _____ foregut epithelium

Back 9

endodermal

Front 10

Laryngeal cartilage develops from the mesenchyme of the ___ and ____ pharyngeal arches.
That mesenchyme is derived from _____ ____cells

Back 10

fouth and sixth
neural crest

Front 11

Laryngeal muscles:
Develop from myoblasts of which pharyngeal arches?
Innervated by what nerve?

Back 11

fourth and sixth
vagus nerve - superior laryngeal (sensory) and recurrent laryngeal nerves (innervation)

Front 12

Which of the following structures is derived from neural crest ectoderm?
Laryngeal epithelium
Laryngeal cartilage
Smooth muscle of the esophagus
Stratified squamous mucosal epithelium of the esophagus
Tracheal cartilages

Back 12

Laryngeal cartilage

Front 13

The ________ septum is responsible for division of the foregut leading to serparate development of the trachea and esophagus

Back 13

tracheoesophageal fold/septum

Front 14

Epithelium and glands of the trachea (mucous secreting cells) and the entire respiratory system are of _______ origin, while ________ mesoderm surrounds the endodermal lining, giving rise to the supporting cartilage, smooth muscle and connective tissue.

Back 14

endodermal

splanchnic

Front 15

Malformation of the tracheoespohageal folds and septum are responsible for formation of _____.
Note: this condition is usually associated with esophageal ____

Back 15

fistula

atresia (blind pouch)

Front 16

Results of tracheoesophageal fistula:
Gastric contents entering the ____ creating what?
Amniotic fluid accumulating because it can't get to stomach for absorption to placenta and mom's blood. What is this condition called?

Back 16

lungs - pneumonia or pneumonitis

Polyhydramnios

Front 17

Which of the following structures is derived from splanchnic mesoderm?
Laryngeal epithelium
Hyaline cartilage of the larynx
Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium of the trachea
Sero-mucus glands of the trachea
Vascular tissue of the tracheal adventitia

Back 17

Vascular tissue of the tracheal adventitia

Front 18

What developing structure serves to separate the trachea from the esophagus?
Aorticopulmonary septum
Interatrial septum
Pleuroperitoneal canals
Tracheoesophageal septum
Transverse septum

Back 18

Tracheoesophageal septum

Front 19

The entire respiratory system (lungs) develop from the respiratory ______

Back 19

diverticulum

Front 20

The bronchial buds grow out into the __________ canals, a portion of the intraembryonic coelom.
The epithelial lining is covered with ______ mesoderm, which gives rise to the visceral pleura and the connective tissue, smooth muscle and cartilage associated with the lung tissue.

Back 20

pericardioperitoneal

splanchnic

Front 21

Cartilaginous plates, bronchial smooth muscle and connective tissue, and the pulmonary connective tissue and capillaries are derived from the ______ _______

Back 21

splanchnic mesoderm

Front 22

Parietal pleura derived from _____ mesoderm
Visceral pleura derived from _____ mesoderm

Back 22

splanchnic

somatic

Front 23

A ____ lobe may develop in the right lung growing medial to the ____ vein rather than lateral

Back 23

azygos
azygos

Front 24

Lung hypoplasia is usually associated with congenital ______ _____.
Another classic cause is a condition with insufficient amniotic fluid - what's it called?

Back 24

diaphragmatic hernia

Oligohydramnios

Front 25

What 2 organ problems will you see with Oligohydramnios?
What's the name of the syndrome that includes both?

Back 25

Lung hypoplasia

Bilateral renal agenesis

Potter's syndrome

Front 26

What gives rise to the cartilaginous tissue that comprises the walls of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles?
Epidermal progenitor cells
Neural crest mesenchyme
Somatic mesoderm
Splanchnic mesoderm
Surface ectoderm

Back 26

Splanchnic mesoderm

Front 27

Into what part of the intraembryonic coelom does the developing lung bud grow ?
Pericardial cavity
Pericardioperitoneal canal
Peritoneum
Pleuropericardial membrane
Pleuroperitoneal membrane
Transverse septum

Back 27

Pericardioperitoneal canal

Front 28

Do terminal bronchioles have alveoli?
Respiratory bronchioles?

Back 28

No

Yes - in the wall

Front 29

WHICH STAGE OF LUNG MATURATION?
Ductal elements (bronchi and terminal bronchioles)
No alveoli present and fetuses born here can't survive

Back 29

PSEUDOGLANDULAR PERIOD (6-16 WEEKS)
1ST

Front 30

WHICH STAGE OF LUNG MATURATION?
Repiratory passageways develop from cranial to caudal
Vascularization of developing respiratory elements occurs
Respiration is possible

Back 30

CANILCULAR PERIOD (16-26 WEEKS)
2ND

Front 31

WHICH STAGE OF LUNG MATURATION?
Type I alveolar cells or pneumocytes
Capillary and lympahtic vessels are forming
Type II alveolar cells lining alveoli begin to secrete surfactant.

Back 31

TERMINAL SACCULAR PERIOD (26 WEEKS TO BIRTH)
3RD

Front 32

Type I alveolar cells or pneumocytes develop from the squamous epithelium of which layer?

Back 32

Endoderm

Front 33

Surfactant secrtion increases towards end of pregnancy. What cells produce it?
It serves to lower ____ ____ at the air-alveolar interface

Back 33

Type II alveolar/pneumocytes

surface tension

Front 34

Infant survival is dependent on functional _____ that contain sufficient ______

Back 34

alveoli
surfactant

Front 35

STAGES OF LUNG MATURATION:
Maturation of alveoli
Alveolocapillary membrane is sufficiently thin to allow gas exchange

Back 35

ALVEOLAR PERIOD (32 WEEKS - 8 YEARS)
4th (LAST) STAGE

Front 36

Fetal _____ ______ occur prior to birth and are essential for normal lung development

Back 36

lung movements (FBM)

Front 37

Alveoli increase from ____ million at birth to ____ million by age 8

Back 37

150
300
Doubles

Front 38

Hyaline membrane disease or RDS is caused by a deficiency of ______ and injury to the alveolar wall resulting in protein and fibrin rich exudate forming _____ membranes

Back 38

surfactant
hyaline

Front 39

________ stimulates lung development and production of surfactant
________ administration during pregnancy accelerates fetal lung development

Back 39

Thyroxine

Glucocorticoids

Front 40

Newborn lungs: sink or float?
Stillborn lungs: sink or float?

Back 40

Float - contain air

Sink - firm, contain fluid not air

Front 41

What cells are responsible for production of pulmonary surfactant?
Alveolar macrophages (phagocytes)
Ciliated columnar epithelium
Interstitial connective tissue cells
Mucus secretory cells
Polymorphonuclear leucocytes
Type I pneumocytes
Type II pneumocytes

Back 41

Type II pneumocytes

Front 42

At what week in human fetal development does pulmonary surfactant formation begin to occur?
8 weeks
14 weeks
20 weeks
32 weeks
38 weeks

Back 42

20 weeks

Front 43

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the fluid component of the lungs at birth?
Amniotic fluid
Blood vessels and lymphatics of the lung
Maternal blood
Seromucous glands
Tracheal glands

Back 43

Maternal blood

Front 44

Which of the following stimulates the production of surfactant during intrauterine life?
Calcitonin
Cholesterol
Glucocorticoids
Growth hormone
Vitamin D

Back 44

Glucocorticoids

Front 45

A 26-year-old pregnant female visits her physician for her 7-month physical. Measurement of fundal height indicated that little or no change had occurred since her last visit. Ultrasonography indicated oligohydramnios. With this condition, which of the abnormalities may be present in the infant at birth?

Back 45

Lung hypoplasia

Front 46

A newborn infant develops gagging and cyanosis after every feeding. The infant has excessive accumulation of saliva in his mouth. Attempts to pass a catheter into the stomach are unsuccessful. X-rays show a large amount of air in the stomach. What is the probable diagnosis?

Back 46

Tracheoesophageal fistula