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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Naturalistic Observation |
Systematic study of behavior in a natural setting |
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Case Studies |
Detailed information gathered on on onaspecific individual |
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Clinical Study |
Is a form of a case study in which the therapist investigates the problem associated with the client |
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Survey |
A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes, opinions, or behaviors of people usually done by questioning a representative random sample of people |
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Demand Characteristic |
Those taking the survey sense what the reaseracher wants of them and they supply the response they feel they are expected to give.
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Social Desirability
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Survey respondent offers responses they deem socially acceptable
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Descriptive Methods
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Descriptive statistics describe a set of data without making any generalized conclusions -case studies,surveys and naturalistic observations describe behaviors |
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Longitudinal Study |
Study one person or event over a long period of time.
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Cross-Sectional Study |
Study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.
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Ex-post facto study
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Study something after it happened naturally; looks at the effect seeks the cause. |
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Correlational Method |
A search for relationships
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Positive Correlation |
Increase in one variable is associated with an increase in the other
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Negative Correlation |
An increase in one variable is associated with a decrease in the other
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Illusionary Correlation |
Perception of a relationship when no relationship actually exists |
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Theory |
Explanation using an intergrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations |
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Hypothesis |
A testable prediction often implied by a theory which enables us to accept,reject, or revise the theory.
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Replication |
Other reaserchers repeat the experiment to confirm its conclusions.
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IV |
The experimental factor that is manipulated/ Variable whooses effect is being studied
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DV |
Experimental factor that is being measured/ Variable that may change in response of the IV
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Confounding Variable |
Inference by a third variable which distorts the association between the two variable being studied
EX. air temp,noises,eating prior to test |
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Experiment Group/Condition |
Group of participants that are exposed to the treatment or the one version of the IV
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Control Group/Control |
Group of participants in an experiment who dont recieve the experimental treatment or intervention- No IV is applied to them and it serves as a comparison for evalutating the effect of the treatment |
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Placebo |
Inert object or procedure used to make members of a control group believe they are recieving the same treatment as the experimental group
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Placebo Effect |
Occurs when the subject's medical condition improves when s/he recieves a placebo in the absence of other medical interventions
-Used in Clinical trails of medication |
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Population |
Whole group you wantedto study and describe |
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Sampling |
Process of choosing research participants from a population
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Representative Sampling |
A group of participants that is made up of approximately the same demographics as the larger population
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Random Sampling/Selection |
Every member of the population has an equal chance of being placed into the experimental or control group |
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Assignment |
Division of participants into groups -After Sampling |
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Operational Definition |
Statement of procedures used to research variables and is helpful in the measurment of the DV
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Random Assignment |
Every participant has an equal chance of being placed into the experimental or control group |
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Participant or Response Bias |
Tendacy for subjects to behave in certain ways based on their perception in the experiments |
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Hawthorne Effect |
Being selected to be in a group to participate in an experiment will affect the performance of that group |
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Experimental Bias |
Unconscious tendacy for researchers to treat members of the experimental and control groups differently to increaswe the chance of confirming their hypothesis |
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Single Blind Procedure |
A study in which the observer knows which subjects received whcih treatment but the subjects themselves do not know |
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Double Blind Procedure |
Procedure in which neither the person collecting the data not the participants know whic treatment is being applied -Stops experimeter bias |
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Demand Characteristic |
Implicit pressure on participants in a given study to act in ways that are consistent with the hypothesis under investigation |
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Selective Reporting |
The fact that investigators are more likely to publish findings when they match predictions than when they do not |
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Human Research Guildlines |
1. Coercion
2. Informed Consent- Participants know risks and benefits but also option of leaving the study 3. Anonymity/Confidentaility 4. Lack of risk 5.Debriefing Procedures- know the purpose of the study ans reveal any deceptions used |
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Animal Research Guildlines |
1. Clear specific purpose 2. Care for and house animals in a humane way 3.Aquire animal subject legally 4.Design experimental procedures that emplot the least amount of suffering feasible |
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Descriptive Statistics |
Summarize quantitve information about a group |
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Inferencial Statistics |
Involves analysis of data to determine whether or not the result of mere chance or are actually the result of manipulation of the variables by the researcher |
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Mean Median |
- Average of all numbers
- Middle number - Most frequent |
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Normal/Bell Curve Shape |
Occurs when the mean, median, and the mode are all the same |
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Variability |
Describes how clustered the numbers in a set of data are
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Standard Deviation (Z Score) |
A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean
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Low Z Score |
Data is tighly clustered around the mean |
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High Z Score |
Date loosely spread over a tange of values |
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Scatterplot Frequency Histograph Frequency Polygon |
- A graph comprised of points that are generated by values of two variables
- Bar Graph - Line Graph |
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Percentile Scores |
Tells you where you scored in comparison to others
85th percentile=you did well/better than 85% of people |
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Ordinal Data |
Numbers assign an order to some set of things
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Interval |
Set of numbers tells you the difference between individual data points
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Inference |
Is a statistical statement of how frequently an obtained result occured by experimental manipulation or by chance
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Gambler's Fallacy |
Figuring possibilities many commit this error by wrongly assuming some occurenceus "due" to happen even when that occurence is purely a matter of chance
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Alternative Hypothesis |
Treatment did not have an effect in experiment - A alternative tailored hypothesis states teh direction of the effect |
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Statstical Significance |
Research result was unlikely to have occurred by chance alone |
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Type I Error |
Concludes there is a statistically significant difference when there is not one/ 5% in the cut off for statiscally significant result |
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P-Value |
Probability to make a type I error - P=0.05 meanign the results would occur by chance 5% of the time |