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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
"Pre-experimental” designs: no control group
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Post test only design, pre-post test design
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True or quasi experimental designs with a control group
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multiple group comparison, "after only" control group design, prepost group comparisons
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Advantages of post and prepost designs
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Study naturally occuring intervention,
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Disadvantage of post and prepost designs
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No control group, many threats to internal validity like Maturation, history, mortality, regression to baseline, and reactive measurement
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maturation
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Participants may be older/wiser by the post test
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history
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cultural or historical events may occur between pre- and post test that change the participants
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mortality
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participants may non-randomly drop out of the study
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regression to baseline
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participants who are more extreme at baseline look less extreme over time as statistical confound
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Reactive Measurement
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participants may change their scores due to being measured twice, not the experimental manipulation
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theory
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is a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking, or the results of such thinking. Has a hypothetical construct and hypothesis.
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hypothetical construct
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abstract statements of psychological processes that cannot be directly observed, we only see their effects.
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hypothesis
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a concrete statement about how processes relate to each other. *A hypothesis is a prediction that links variables derived from a theory, implicitly specifies and idea of cause and effect, control group and experimental group. *It needs to be potentially falsifiable, specific enough that it can be tested
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operational definition
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a definition that presents a construct in terms of observable operations that can be measured and utilized in research
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internal validity
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The ability to make valid inferences concerning the relationship between a dependent and independent variable in an experimental situation
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external validity
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observe/test phenomenon under natural conditions. Generalizability of an experimental outcome to other groups, settings, treatment variables and measurement variables
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Independent variable
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The variable that is defined by the experimentor and thus outside the experimental situation.
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Dependent variable
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In an experiment, the variable that is said to depend on the action of another variable, the independent variable
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Qualitative observation or measurement
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explore the actual process of a behavior, external validity
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Quantitative observation or measurement
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describe a behavioral social trend, external validity
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correlational studies
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relate measured variable to each other to test hypotheses
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quasi experiments
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test hypotheses in naturally occuring events or field studies, internal validity
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true experiments
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test specific hypotheses via controlled lab conditions, internal validity
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statement of testable hypothesis
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predictive, potentially refutable and specify variables in a functional relationship
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Role of values and social judgements in the research process
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empirical attitude. get over yourself, data is greater than emotions and science imposes discipline on your thinking
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creating variables
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direct treatment dose or manipulation, indirect use of context, using a measured variable
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What is science: content?
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Cumulative empirical findings: facts, ways of classifying nature, well supported theories or processes
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What is science: Methods?
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Core empirical approach, basic experimental design, methods of differences and methods of similarities, specific research procedures
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a scientific rational, empirical perspective
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combines rational thought with empirical evidence, is not just a research method but is a larger approach to knowledge
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Four basic sources of knowledge/information
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Authority, Intuition/emotion/superstition, empiricism/simple exposure, and Rationalism
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Authority
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simple tradition, important social institutions, credible and powerful people. Based on experience, well established by many, stable set of core beliefs, moves field beyond the data BUT insensitive to proof or evidence, highly susceptible to political bias, ignores scientific procedures
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Intuition/emotion/superstition
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Emotionalism or a Hunch. Personal insights,origin of novel hypothesis, moves field beyond the data. BUT insensitive to to proof or evidence, wishful thinking and emotions and fear can trump rational evidence.
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empiricism/simple exposure
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More central to science. Grounds knowledge in the "real world", confirm intuition by observation and makes knowledge public. BUT simple illusions and misperceptionsl and measurement error, confirmatory bias, oversensitive to emotional perceptual salience, spurious correlations, antiscience use of naive empiricism
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Rationalism
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Develop larger coherent principles or theories, makre our conclusions correspond to other knowledge. BUT do our thoughts correspond to the real empirical world? Susceptible to ideological bias or authority based belief systems
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Science is the integration of
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Rationalism and Empiricism
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Rationalism: Theory/Hypothesis
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Develop theories and explanations of how or why behavior works. Its core purpose of research.
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Empiricism: objective observation, control, operational definitions, replication.
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Empirical data help us describe the world, test hypothesis and develop theory.
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What does science do
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Describe the world, Predict events, test theories and test application of theories. Taxonomies or behavioral categories, epidemiology, Direct behavioral description
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Describe the World
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Initial approach to scientific study, what is it. Leads to hypothesis. Simple prediction, method of similarity(correlations) and method of differences (experiments)
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Predict events
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Core features of a hypthesis, if x then Y, often still descriptive rather than experimental.
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test theories
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causes and effect questions involving hypothetical constructs. Often controlled experiments or complex correlation designs. Direct cause and effect questions, identifying basic psychological processes and showing how processes are related.
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Test application of theories
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Using theory model change, testing inventions or policy. Using theory to design an intervention. Using an intervention study to actually test a theory.
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