Research Methods In Psychology Test 3

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Deontology

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Maintains that ethics must be judged in light of a universal moral code.

Front 2

Asserts that concrete and inviolate moral codes such as those proclaimed by the deontologist cannot be formulated.

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Ethical Skepticism

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Maintains that judgements regarding the ethics of a particular action depend on the consequences of that action

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Utilitarian

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Sets for ethical standards that psychologists must follow

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APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists Code of Conduct

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Weighing the pro's and cons of a study

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Cost-Benefit Analysis

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5 benefits of behavioral research

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basic knowledge, improvement of research techniques, practial outcomes, benefits for researchers, benefits for participants.

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U.S. Government ordered that all research involving human participants must be reviewed by a

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Institutional Review Board

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6 issues of IRB's

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lack of informed consent, invasion of privacy, coercion to participate, potential physical harm/mental harm, deception and violation of confidentiality.

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Informing research participants of the nature of the study and obtaining their explicit agreement to participate.

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Informed Consent

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Problems w/ getting consent

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Would compromise the validity, part's who are unable to give informed consent, ludicrous cases of informed consent

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Observing people in public places does not constitute:

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Invasion of Privacy.

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Occurs when participants agree to participate because of real or implied pressure

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Coercion to Participate.

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Risk that is no greater in probability and severity than that ordinarily encountered in daily life or during the performince of routine physical or psychological examinations or tests

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Minimal Risk

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What evokes the most controversy in research?

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Deception

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Informing participants about deception after the study

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Debriefing

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The data that participants provide may be used only for purposes of the research

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Confidentiality

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Most scientific organizations have set ethical standards for their members to guard against....

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Scientific Misconduct

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Well-designed experiment has 3 properties

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1) vary at least one variable
2) paricipants must be initially equivalent
3) must control extraneous variables

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What variable is manipulated

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Independent Variable

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An independent variable must have 2 or more...

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levels

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Researchers sometimes refer to different levels as:

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Conditions

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Involve experimental modifications of the participants physical or social environment.

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Environmental Manipulations

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Vary the independent variable through verbal instructions.

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Instructional Manipulations

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Create physical changes in the participant through surgery or drugs.

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Invasive Manipulations

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Recieve zero level of the independent variable

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Control Group

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Trying out levels of the independent variables before actually starting the experiment.

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Pilot Test

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A question that is designed to determine whether the independent variable was manipulated successfully

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Manipulation Check

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Type of variable that is not manipulated by the experimenter. Reflect existing characteristics of the participants.

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Subject Variables.

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The response being measured in the study

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Dependent Variable

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Involves placing participants in conditions in such a way that every participant has an equal probablitiy of being placed in any experimental condition

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Simple Random Assignment

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The researcher obtains participants scores on a measure known to be relevant to the outcome of the experiment and places them accordingly.

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Matched Random Assignment.

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Symbol for number of conditions in study.

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k

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When different participants are assigned to each of the conditions in an experiment as in simple and matched random assignment the design is called

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Randomized Study Design

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Used when an experimenter is interested in differences in behavior across conditions within a single group of participants

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Within-subjects design.

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Another name for within subjects design, so named because each participant is measured more than once.

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Repeated Measures Design.

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The term for a research design's ability to detect effects of the independent variable.

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Power

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Behavior effected by the order in which they participate

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Order Effects

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Occur when the participants performance improves merely because they complete the dependent variable many times

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Practice Effect

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Occur if participants become tired or less enthused as the experiment progresses

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Fatigue Effect

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After receiving several levels of the ind. variable participants may begin to realize what the hypothesis is.

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Sensitization

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Occur when the effect of a particular treatment condition persists even after the condition ends.

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Carry-over effect.

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Involves presenting the levels of the independent variable in different orders to different participants. Guards against carryover.

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Counter-balancing.

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Eliminating or holding constant extraneous factors that might affect the outcome of the study

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Experimental Control

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The portion of variance of participants scores due to independent variable.

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Treatment variance.

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When a variable other than the independent variable differs between the groups, this is produced.

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Confound Variance.

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The result of unsystematic differences among participants

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Error Variance

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The degree to which a researcher draws accurate conclusions about the effects of the independent variable.

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Internal Validity

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Introduces the possibility that the effects are due to nonequivalent groups rather than to the independent variable.

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Biased selection.

Front 49

Loss of participants during a study

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Attrition

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When the rate of attrition differs across experimental conditions

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Differential Attrition

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When taking a pretest, this might sensitize participants to the ind. variable so they react differently.

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Pretest sensitization

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Obtained effects are not due to the ind. variable itself but to an interaction of the ind. variable and ________

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History Effects.

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Age related changes.

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Maturation

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Experimenters expectations can distort the results by affecting how they interperet behavior

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Experimenter Expectancy Effect.

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Aspects of the study that indicate to participants how they should behave.

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Demand Characteristics.

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When experimenter and participants don't know what their experimental condition is.

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Double blind procedure.

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A physiological or psych. effect that occurs at the mere suggestion that the change will occur.

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Placebo effect.

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The degree to which the results obtained in one study can be replicated or generalized to other samples, research settings, and procedures

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External Validity.

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The conflict between external and internal validity

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Experimenter's Dillema

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The second page of the manuscript. A brief summary of the content of the paper.

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Abstract.

Front 61

Most journals that publish behavioral research conform to this kind of style.

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APA Style.

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This style used in APA lists other's work by inserting the last name of the author and they year of publication.

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Author-Date System

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In the 1970's the APA adopted this to eliminate sexism and ambiguity

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Gender-neutral language.

Front 64

One method of giving a talk to an audience. Papers on related talks are given in a _________.

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Paper Session

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When a paper is evaluated by other scientists who have expertise in the topic under investigation.

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Peer Review.

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Researchers display summaries of their research on poster boards, providing essential details of its background, methodology, results and implications

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Poster Session

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When researchers write about their research before rather than after it was conducted.

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Research Proposal.