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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the ethical guidelines? |
consent Debrief Confidentiality Deception Right to withdraw Protection from harm |
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What does consent mean? |
Agreeing to take part/ giving permission to be apart of a experiment. Children under 18 would get parental consent. |
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What does debrief mean? |
Given after the experiment, to tell the true aim of experiment (check on wellbeing) |
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What does deception mean? |
We should not deceive someone, participant should be told the truth Debrief at the end. |
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What does right to withdraw mean? |
All participants are allowed to leave and remove their data from experiment. (Prior to data analysis) |
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What does protection from harm mean? |
Participants must leave with the same mental state! No mental impact! |
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What the Independent variable? |
Variable that is changed or manipulated |
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What is the dependant variable? |
Variable that is measured |
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What is a lab experiment? |
-takes place in controlled conditions -standardised -artificial setting -controlled variables |
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What is a field experiment? |
Researchers can still manipulate the variables It is done in a real life situation Procedure is not standardised Less control Harder to replicate |
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What does reliability mean? |
Being consistent (if we repeat experiment with same results it’s reliable) |
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What does validity mean? |
How true is your findings? Are you measuring what you intended to measure? |
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What does inter-rater reliability mean? |
Two or more observers agree about behaviours/ results. |
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What does Internal validity mean? |
Is the measurement true? Can we get cause an effect? |
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What does ecological validity mean? |
How realistic your research. Real life situation? |
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What is meant by mundane realism ? |
How close to real life are the materials / procedures. |
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What impacts validity? |
Subjectivity Researcher Extraneous variables Demand characteristics Social desirability |
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What are the positives of a lab experiment? |
Controlled setting - eliminates variables, higher validity! Easy to repeat because it’s standardised therefore more reliable. |
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What are the negatives of a lab experiment? |
-ppts know it’s an experiment (more socially desirable) (low validity) -easier to guess aim (demand characteristics) (low validity) -artificial setting (low ecological validity, doesn’t reflect real life) (low in mundane realism) |
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Positives of a field experiment? |
High in ecological validity and mundane realism! Reflects real life situation Less social desirability |
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Negatives of a field experiment |
It’s not monitored so there could be extraneous variables effecting the experiment. Study is harder to replicate therefore less reliable. |
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What is random sampling? |
When everyone in the target population has a equal chance of being selected |
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What is Opportunity sampling? |
Using people who are available at the time. Eg class of psychology students |
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What is volunteer sampling? |
When a participant responds to a advert, putting themselves forward to take part in research. |
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What is stratified sampling? |
You divide your target population into subgroups based on a important characteristic eg age/gender. You ensure your sample is representative of those proportions. |
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What is a target population? |
Group of people we wish to investigate Can be specific (nurses or students) Could be all humans |
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Strengths and weaknesses of random sampling? |
Strengths- generalisable because validity of different people. Equal chance. Weaknesses- hassle because they may say no, less convenience. |
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Strengths and weaknesses of volunteer sampling? |
Strengths- getting consent from participants, put themselves forward (ethical) Weaknesses- not generalisable, only a certain type of people will volunteer (shared characteristics) |
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Strengths and weaknesses of opportunity sampling? |
Strengths- quick and convenient (easiest way) Weaknesses- doesn’t represent a wide range of people as people available at the time will share characteristics. Low generalisability. |
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Strengths and weaknesses of stratified sampling? |
Strengths- represents wide range of people , easy to generalise. Weaknesses- some bias in who you select for sub groups. Low validity. |
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What is a extraneous variable? |
Anything other than the IV that affects the DV There are two types (individual factors and situation factors) |
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What’s a individual factor?(extraneous variable) |
Anything that makes one person different that could effect the results (participant variable) Eg. Health, age , IQ, mental illness, religion, gender |
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What is a situational factor? (Extraneous variables) |
Something in the environment that unintentionally affects the results. Eg noise, weather, tutors, temperature, time of day, light |
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What does operationalisation mean? |
Ensuring that the variables can be tested and measures scientifically. Eg a study to investigate whether (cats or dogs) sleep (hours) longer |
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What’s a confounding variable? |
When the researcher fails to control the variable, so it does impact the results. |
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How can we control situational variables? |
Standardised procedure Counterbalancing Double blind technique |
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How can we control participants variables? |
Random allocation Matched pairs design |
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What’s a hypothesis? |
A prediction about what is going to happen in the study |
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What’s a one tailed/ directional hypothesis? |
The direction of the results can be predicted. |
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What is a non-directional/ two tailed hypothesis? |
A change or difference is predicted but not the direction it will go in. |
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What is a Null hypothesis? |
There will be no difference/ no relationship found. |
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what is quantitative data? |
data is numerical form (e.g. categories like ranks, order. measurement) This data is easy to put in a graph. |
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what is qualitative data? |
in depth and detailed data. finds out peoples thoughts and opinions. this data is harder to analyse. |
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Types of Quant data? |
Nominal (category data) Ranked data (happiness for 1-10) interval/ratio (scaled data where increments are known, consistent and measurable) |
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positives and negatives of Quant data? |
P: Statistically test it (reliable) easier to analyse and compare easier to put into graph less time consuming N: less in depth (low in validity) cant turn in Qual |
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Positives and negatives of Qual data? |
P: more in depth (high in validity) can turn into quant data by identifying themes. N: subjective to interpretation of responses (low in generalisability) cannot be tested (low in reliability) data may change |
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what are open questions? |
the ppt can give any answer they wish, usually long sentences. |
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what are closed questions? |
There are a set number of responses which the ppt selects from. |
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what is identifying characteristics? |
participants circle, tick or select words which apply to them. |
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what are semantic differentials? |
there are a number of responses to a question which demonstrates a degree of agreement. |
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what are likert scales? |
the participant makes a a mark on a line to express their opinion on a certain issue or how well a word describes them. |
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positives of Questionnaires? |
Quantitative data's positives easy to repeat (more reliable) feel more to reveal info rather than being face to face (higher validity) standardized |
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negatives of questionnaires? |
limited amount of data (low in validity) social desirability prone to order effects. questions may be interpreted differently. |
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strengths/negatives of mean? |
S: every piece of data is used, most descriptive of the statistics. N: can be effected by outliers (extreme scores) (lowers validity) |
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strengths/negatives of mode |
S: it is not affected by extreme scores N: doesn't consider all of data from the set (not as informative) |
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strengths/weaknesses of median |
S: not affected by extreme scores N: not all scores are used in calculations, not as informative as mean |
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what is measures of dispersion? |
Tells us how far people's scores are away from the average person/average. shows how much variation there is so psychologists can then determine the relevance of their of the data supporting their hypothesis. |
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strengths and weaknesses of range |
S: it is quick to calculate and relates directly to actual scores therefore gives a quick insight. N:affected by extreme values, may be misleading (low in validity) |
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what is standard deviation? |
shows the variation in data. if the data is close together , the standard deviation will be small. if the data is spread the standard deviation will be large. The bell curve which represents a normal distribution of data shows what standard deviation represents. |
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positives and negatives of structured interviews |
P:questions are the same each time, standardized therefore easy to replicate and high in reliability. researcher doesn't need to have skill get more data (high in genrelisability) N:collects quant data, not in depth, low in validity. |
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positives and negatives of semi structures interviews |
P:follow up questions, more detail (higher in validity) N:more training required to carry out interview qual data is harder to analyse (low in reliability) |
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positives and negatives of unstructured interviews |
P: ask follow up questions, more detail (high validity) N: more training needed not standardized, harder to repeat (low reliability) |
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Positives and negatives of interviews in general |
P:get more in depth info (build a relationship) (high validity) N: More prone to social desirability cant do a lot at once, time consuming. |
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what is a structured interview? |
All participants are asked the same questions. these are normally closed questions which allows he researcher to gather Quant data. |
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what is a unstructured interview?
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normally no set questions given, just a general topic area you wish to research. mostly open questions so collect Qual data |
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what is a semi structured interview? |
have some set questions but allow the researcher to ask follow up questions. gathers a mixture of Qual and Quant data. |
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What is a interview? |
a method of self report that can be done face to face or over the phone. They find out thoughts and feelings and experiences. |