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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Probabilistic |
subject to or involving a chance variation |
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Validity |
whether a statement about cause or measures are correct or false |
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Validity threats |
possible sources of false conslusions about cause or measurment |
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Internal validity |
the extent to which you are able to say that no other variables except the one you're studying caused the result. |
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Construct Validity |
A generalization from what we observe and measure to the real world things that we are interested in |
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xEternal Validity |
The extent to which results of a study can be generalized to the world at large |
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Scientific Realism |
Idiographic nad nomothetic approaches bridged to understand how casual mechanisms operate in specific contexts |
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Units of Analysis |
The things what or whom being studied in a research project |
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Ecological Fallacy |
the danger of making assertions about individuals as the unit of analysis based on the examination of groups or other aggregations |
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Cross-sectional study |
Data collected at a single time point |
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Longitudinal studies |
Designed to permit observations over an extended period to permit observations over an extended period |
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Trend studies |
Changes within some general population overtime |
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Cohort Studies |
Examine more specific populations as they change over time |
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Panel Studies |
similar to trend and cohort except that observations are made on the same set of people on two or more occasion |
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Retrospective |
asks people to recall their pasts in another common way of approximating observations over time |
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Prospective |
Watches for outcomes of the studies |
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Conception |
A subjective thought about things that we encounter in daily life |
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Concepts |
Words or symbols in language that we use to represent mental images |
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Conceptualization |
The mental process of making fuzzy and imprecise notions more specific |
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Dimension |
some specifiable aspect of a concept |
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Reification |
the process of regarding as real things that are not |
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Conceptual definition |
A working definition specifically assigned to a term |
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Operational Definition |
A definition that spells out precisely how the concept will be measured |
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Nominal Measures |
Variables whose attributes have only the characteristics of exhaustiveness and mutual exclusiveness |
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Ordinal Measures |
Variables whose attributes may be logically rank-ordered |
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Interval Measures |
When the actual distance that separates the attributes composing variables does have meaning |
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Ratio Measures |
Most of the social scientific variables that meet the minimum requirements |
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Reliability |
Consistency or obtaining the same results when measuring something more than once |
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The Test-Retest Method |
Sometimes it is appropriate to make the same measurement more than once |
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Interrater Reliability |
The possibility for measurement unreliability to be generated by research workers |
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Split-half Method |
Always make more than one measurement of any subtle or complex social concept such as prejudice |
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Validity |
Whether statements about cause or measures are correct or false |
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Criterion_related Validity |
Involves comparing a measure with some external criterion |
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Face Validity |
A particular empirical; measure may or may not jibe with our common agreements and our individual mental images about a particular concept |
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Construct Validity |
Based on the logical relationships among variables |
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Content Validity |
The degree to which a measure covers the range of meanings included within the concept |
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Multiple Measures |
Another approach to validation of an individual measure is to compare it with alternative measures of the same concept |
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Typology |
The intersection of two or more variables to create a set of categories or types |
