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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A complete canvas of a population is called? |
a census |
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If a population is defined as all pickup truck owners residing in Tippecanoe County |
asking 80 owners their attitude toward a new gun rack design would be an example of a sample |
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All of the following are reasons why researcher might choose a sample over a census for making inferences about population except? |
a census has less non-sampling errors
Sample > Consensus: a census may not be plausible samples are less expensive a census is less accurate |
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samples are often used to infer something about a population rather than canvassing the population itself because |
They are typically: cheaper than complete counts faster than complete counts more accurate than complete counts |
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the first step that must be executed in drawing a sample is to |
define the population |
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in order to define a population, the researcher needs to specify |
1. the geographic boundaries of the population 2. which elements are not of interest 3. the time period for the study |
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T/F: A low incidence means that a low percentage of the population of interest qualifies for inclusion in the study |
True |
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What is the six step procedure for drawing a sample? |
1. Define the population 2. Identify the sampling frame 3. Select a sampling procedure 4. Determine the sample size 5. Select the sample elements 6. Collect the data from the designated elements |
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a sampling frame is? |
a list of population elements from which the sample will be drawn |
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Which of the following is NOT a problem with using a phone book for a sampling frame?
-Unlisted phone numbers -not all homes have phones -double counting homes with multiple phone numbers -the phone book is always outdated |
All of the above are true .... They are all problems |
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The distinguishing feature of probability samples is that |
each population element has a known chance of being included in the sample |
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In probability samples, the probabilities of each element must be |
known |
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sampling plans fall under the following basic categories: |
- probability - non-probability |
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All of the following are probability sampling plans except: a. quota b. area c. cluster d. disproportionate satisfied e. systematic |
Quota is not a probability sample |
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A _______ allows trends in the data to be evaluated as the data are collected |
sequential sample |
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A researcher collects a small sample and finds that he does not have sufficient evidence to draw a conclusion. He than makes additional observations and finds this evidence inconclusive. He continues making observations until a conclusion can be drawn... he is using??? |
sequential sampling |
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Which of the following is NOT a non-probability sample? a. quota b. convenience c. cluster d. judgment e. all are non-probability samples |
Cluster is not a non-probability sample |
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The distinguishing feature of non-probability sampling plans is that |
they involve personal judgement somewhere in the selection of sample events |
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While giving guidelines to her field interviewing staff, a researcher states, "I want to interview every tenth (10) customer entering a K mart store at the following key sites"
This is an example of ______ sampling |
convenience |
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One of the major problems with the mail surveys is non-response bias. In an effort to minimize this, a researcher decides to limit the sample to his personal friends from whom he is sure to get replies.
This is an example of _______ sample |
non-probability sample |
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Judgment samples are distinguished by the fact that |
the sample elements are handpicked by the investigator because it is expected they can offer the contributions sought |
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snowball samples are an example of |
judgement sampling |
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Quota samples are typically selected so that the distribution of a characteristic or characteristics in the sample matches the distribution of these same characteristics in the population. With respect the to the representativeness of quota samples, it can thus be said that... |
-a quota sample may be very far off the mark with respect to other important characteristics likely to influence the result but that were not used as controls when selecting the sample
- the fact that the distribution of the characteristic in the sample parallels the distribution in the population does not guarantee that the sample is representative |
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A researcher wants to study the effects of social class on consumption behaviour. He establishes 3 different categories of social class in terms of amount of income. He then assigns each field worker a specified number of interviews with people in each income category although the interviewers are allowed to select whom they interview
this is an example of? |
quota sampling |
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The weaknesses of a quota sample include |
- the sample could be skewed with respect to a non-control characteristic that is likely to affect the observed variable - interviewers are allowed to choose their subjects and interview locations - it is difficult to verify whether the sample chosen is representative of the population |
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T/F: The controls for a quota sample are usually chosen on the basis that: (1) they are believed to be correlated with the characteristic to be studied
(2) reasonably up-to-date information on their distribution within the universe is available |
True |
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A researcher wants to be able to assess the amount of sampling error associated with an estimate.
Which sampling method would you recommend he use? |
Probability |
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T/F: One real advantage that probability samples have over non-probability samples is their greater economic efficiency |
False |
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A problem with non-probability samples is |
one cannot assess the amount of sampling error likely to occur |
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Which of the following is NOT TRUE for simple random sampling?
a. each element has a known chance of being selected b. each element has a non-zero chance of being selected c. each element has an equal chance of being selected d. each combination of "n" population elements has an equal chance of being selected e. they are all true |
THEY ARE ALL TRUE |
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The distinguishing features of a simple random sample are (3). |
1. each population has a known chance of being selected
2. each population element has an equal chance of being selected
3. every combination of "n" population elements is a sample possibility |
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the sampling distribution of a statistic refers to |
the distribution of all possible sample values of the statistic that could be drawn from the parent population under the specified sampling plan |
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A(n) ______ statistic is one whose ______ value from all possible distinguishable samples under the sampling plan is equal to the parameter it estimates |
unbiased // mean |
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T/F: The standard error of the mean is the standard deviation of the sampling distribution of sample means |
true |
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T/F: The sampling distribution of the mean is another name for the distribution of means corresponding to the samples that could be drawn under the specified sampling plan |
True |
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A researcher is considering drawing a sample of size "n" from a negatively skewed parent population with a mean "u" and variance "o2"; he should realize that "n" is ____, the sample mean x is ____ distributed with mean x and variance o2/n (assuming the sample represent a small proportion of the population) |
large // normally |
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What is needed before a confidence interval can be established for a population mean |
1. a confidence level 2. a point estimate of the population mean 3. an estimate of the sampling error associated with the sample mean |
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The variance of the sample means is related to the population variance by which of the following expression when sampling without replacement from a finite population? |
o2= (o2/n)[(N-n)/(N-1)] |
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For simple random sampling the mean of all possible sample means is equal to the population mean when which of the following conditions is true? |
Sampling is with or without replacement and from an infinite or finite population |
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Suppose a researcher has constructed a 95% confidence interval using the formula, x-Std<= u>= Xbar+z(std)(xbar)
the interval means that |
95% of the intervals constructed employing this procedure would contain the true population mean and this interval is hopefully one of those 95 out of 100 |
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The feature that distinguishes stratified sampling from other forms of probability sampling is that |
only stratified samples involve partitioning the parent population into mutually exclusive and exhaustive subsets and selecting a simple random sample from each subset |
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T/F regarding stratisfied sampling: A stratified random sample is drawn by dividing the parent population into mutually exclsuvive and exhaustive subsets and by then taking a random sample of these subsets |
False |
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a researcher divides the population of the purchasers of brand X into heavy and light users. He then chooses a random sample independently from each group.
This is an example of ____ sampling |
Stratisfied |
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The advantages of stratified over simple random sampling include |
stratified sampling ensures adequate representation from each stratum of interest
stratified sampling can produce more precise sample statistics
stratified sampling allows for the comparison of variables between strata |
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The essential difference between a confidence interval constructed employing a stratified sample and that constructed employing a simple random sampling is that with the stratified sample |
determination of the estimate of the mean and standard error of estimate involves the use of weights |
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T/F: In calculating the standard error of the mean when using a stratified sample, one finds that differences among strata means do not enter the estimate |
true |
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Which of the following is the best criterion to use to partition owners of sports cars |
age |
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Under which of the following conditions can the population mean be estimated without error employing a stratified sample |
when the population is partitioned so that the elements in each stratum are equal |
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The interesting thing about confidence intervals established employing stratified sampling is that |
the between strata variability does not enter into the calculation of the standard error of estimate |
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With proportionate stratified sampling, the number of elements selected from each stratum |
is in direct proportion to the relative number of elements in each stratum in the population |
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The criteria that need to be balanced when choosing a disproportionate stratified sample are |
1. strata size 2. strata heterogeneity 3. strata variances on the variable of interest |
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You know that consumers with high incomes show a much greater variability in their consumption of a given good than those with low incomes.
What type of sample would produce the most efficient estimate of the average consumption per individual |
disproportionate stratified sample |
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One feature that distinguishes stratified samples from quota samples is that with stratified sampling, elements are selected ____, while with quota sampling they are selected ____? |
probabilistically // judgmentally
Stratified = probabilistically Quota = judgmentally
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the steps necessary to perform a cluster sample of Dove Bar Milk Chocolate consumers are |
- divide the consumers into separate groups on the basis of age categories (e.g., <18, 19-24..)
-randomly choose two age categories and interview all or some of those consumers |
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A market researcher divides the Dallas metropolitan area into blocks having roughly equal populations. He then selects a random sample of blocks and sends interviewers to each block. The interviewers are instructed to interview every eighth dwelling unit.
This is _____ sampling |
two-stage cluster |
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T/F: In order to yield high statistical efficiency, each cluster in a cluster sample should include as many diverse universe values as possible |
true |
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In cluster sampling, statistical efficiency |
is often traded off for increased economic efficiency |
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Systematic sampling is a form of |
cluster sampling |
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What types of probability samples do not require a complete list of population elements by name in order to draw a sample |
cluster sample |
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When using area sampling, a researcher should seek a balance between statistical efficiency, which suggests _______ and economic considerations which suggests ______ |
a large number of areas be used // few areas be used |
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A researcher divides the city of Flint, Michigan, into 500 blocks of 10 households each. He requires a sample of 400 households. He then selects his sample by choosing 100 blocks and 4 households per block.
This is an example of ______ |
two-stage area sampling |
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Probability-proportional-to-size sampling requires that |
a fixed number of second-stage units be selected from each fist-stage unit |
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A researcher, in attempting to sample the population of Cleveland, decides to select 5 households for each block designated for inclusion in the sample. The blocks themselves are to be selected with variable probabilities depending on their size.
This is an example of? |
probability-proportional-to-size area sampling |
