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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The coefficient of variation is an attribute of a distribution. T/F
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TRUE
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A confidence interval gives an estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population parameter, the estimated range being calculated from a given set of sample data. If independent samples are taken repeatedly from the same population, and a confidence interval calculated for each sample, then a certain percentage (confidence level) of the intervals will include the unknown population parameter. T/F
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TRUE
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In an experimental design, the ______________is manipulated or selected by the experimenter to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon.
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Independent variable
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The experimenter is interested in determining if the value of the ______________ varies when the values of another variable are varied, and by how much.
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Dependent variable
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In a study of how different dosages of a drug are related to the severity of symptoms of a disease, a measure of the severity of the symptoms of the disease is a _______.
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Dependent variable
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In an experimental design, the ________________ is the thing that someone actively controls/changes.
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Independent variable
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The standard deviation is a measure of how spread out your data is. T/F
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TRUE
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A population consists of an entire set of objects, observations, or scores that have something in common. T/F
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TRUE
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The distribution of a population can be described by several parameters such as the mean and standard deviation Estimates of these parameters taken from a sample are called ______.
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statistics
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In an experimental design the dependent variable is the "presumed cause", while independent variable is the "presumed effect" of the independent variable. T/F
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FALSE - the independent variable is the "presumed cause" while the dependent variable is the "presumed effect"
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Primary Data Is original data gathered by the health researcher directly from or about the population of interest. T/F
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TRUE
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Secondary Data Is the data that has already been gathered by others that may or may not be directly from the population being assessed. T/F
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TRUE
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All the following are true about an Experimental design...
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• Random assignment of participants into control and experimental groups
• Data collected before and after intervention • Changes in experimental group is good evidence because of increased control |
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All the following are true about Non-experimental or single group design...
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• Does not use a control group
• participants not randomly assigned • data can be collected at the beginning or end but • cannot determine if changes are result of the intervention because of decreased control |
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All the following are true about Quasi-experimental design...
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• Experimental group and control group formed by means other than random assignment
• Data collected from both before and after • Lack of random assignment decreases control • Changes in experimental group may support effectiveness of intervention |
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Surveys are used to determine all the following...
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knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behavior
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A good survey is well constructed, tested for validity and reliability, has a high response rate and valid sample. T/F
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TRUE
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In contrast to the rater cumbersome and expensive process of bringing population samples to clinics, survey techniques can generally search more widely with less expense. T/F
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TRUE
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Steps in Designing and Completing a Survey include...
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• Determine the Objectives
• Define the Population • Determine the Data/measurement methods • Choose Sampling unit and size • Determine Method of surveying people • Construct survey to obtain the desired information using the validated items • Collect data • Analyze data • Report results |
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Which one of the surveys is least costly?
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mail
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Which one of the surveys is inexpensive?
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telephone
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Which one of the surveys has a low response rate?
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Mail (3-5%)
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Which one of the surveys is most costly?
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In person
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Which one of the surveys has a high response rate?
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In person
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Which one of the surveys are you more likely to obtain complete information?
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interview
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Categorical data where the order of the categories is arbitrary, would be measured by ______.
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Qualitative data/nominal data
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In what type of categorical data is there a logical ordering to the categories?
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Ordinal data
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A good example is the Likert scale that you see on many surveys:
1=Strongly disagree; 2=Disagree; 3=Neutral; 4=Agree; 5=Strongly agree. T/F |
TRUE
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Continuous data where differences are interpretable, but where there is no "natural" zero. A good example is temperature in Fahrenheit degrees.
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Interval scale
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What type of variables have a standard unit of measure with an absolute zero?
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Ratio scale
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Ranked the desserts in order of personal preference, from your most favorite (1), per your least favorite (4). would be an example of
1. Ice cream 2. Cookies. 3. Cake 4. Maple syrup spread on the body of the person your living with your parents don’t know about |
Ordinal level response
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The term used to represent categorical data
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Qualitative data
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Elements of a Research Design include...
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• A statement of objectives
• Definition of data to be collected • Methodology • Instrumentation • Data collection • Data processing • Data analysis • Reporting |
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Experimental design uses random assignment of participants to the control and experimental groups. Data are collected from both groups before and after the intervention. Because this design allows for the most control of the confounding variable, observed changes in the experimental group are the most defensible evidence of the effectiveness of an intervention. T/F
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TRUE
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"The empirical rule" also known as the "68-95-99.7 rule", refers to a distribution in a normal population and has about 68% of the values are within 1 standard deviation of the mean, about 95% of the values are within two standard deviations and about 99.7% lie within 3 standard deviations. T/F
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TRUE
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The name given to a value that is distinctly different than the values within the normal distribution of a population is called
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Outlier
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The term to represent verbal or narrative pieces of data
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Qualitative data
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Qualitative research is the same as anecdotal information. T/F
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FALSE - it can be categorical OR anecdotal
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Simply the average of all the items in a sample is the _____.
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mean
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Most frequently occurring value in the data set is the ____.
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mode
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The value so that roughly half of the data are smaller and roughly half of the data are larger is the _____.
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median
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In a sample of adults, the LDL values are (in order from low to high): 1.84, 2.96, 3.49, 3.68, 3.72, 3.73, 3.84, 3.84, 4.14, 4.26, 4.41, 4.80, 5.57, and 5.85. For this data the median would be ____.
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Median = middle number when put in order. If there is no middle, average the two in the middle.
Ans: 3.84 |
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In a sample of adults, the LDL values are (in order from low to high): 1.84, 2.96, 3.49, 3.68, 3.72, 3.73, 3.84, 3.84, 4.14, 4.26, 4.41, 4.80, 5.57, and 5.85. For this data the mode would be ____.
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Mode = most frequent number
Ans: 3.84 |
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In a sample of adults, the LDL values are (in order from low to high): 1.84, 2.96, 3.49, 3.68, 3.72, 3.73, 3.84, 3.84, 4.14, 4.41, 4.26, 4.80, 5.57, and 5.85. For this data the mean would be ____.
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Mean = average
Ans: 4.01 |
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Skewness denotes that observations are not spread symmetrically around an average value. As a result, the average and the median are different. T/F
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TRUE
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Type lI error is the error of rejecting something that should have been accepted; e.g., such as finding an innocent person guilty. T/F
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FALSE
This is Type 1 = cry wolf |
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Type I error is the error of accepting something that should have been rejected; e.g., such as finding a guilty person innocent. T/F
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FALSE
This is Type 2 = didn’t know wolf was there |
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Type I error is the error of accepting an alternative hypothesis (the real hypothesis of interest) when an observation is due to chance. T/F
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TRUE
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Type II error is the error of failing to accept an alternative hypothesis when you don't have adequate power. T/F
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TRUE
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The five number summary splits the data into four regions, each of which contains 25% of the data. T/F
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TRUE
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The primary goal of much research is to use information collected from a sample to try to characterize a certain population. T/F
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TRUE
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A variable is any measured characteristic or attribute that differs for different subjects. T/F
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TRUE
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Qualitative variables are measured on an ordinal, interval, or ratio scale. T/F
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FALSE - Qualitative data is considered categorical or narrative, not real numbers.
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Qualitative research is rigorous research with explicit sampling strategies, systematic analysis of data, and a commitment to examining counter explanations. Ideally, methods should be transparent, allowing the reader to assess the validity and the extent to which results might be applicable to their own clinical practice. T/F
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TRUE
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The standard error is the estimated standard deviation of a statistic. T/F
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TRUE
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The independent variable is the "presumed cause", while dependent variable is the "presumed effect" of the independent variable. T/F
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TRUE
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In the Principle of Causal Inference the lack of temporal ambiguity means that cause should precede effect. T/F
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TRUE
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All are true about Confidence Interval...
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• It is defined as an estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population parameter
• It is the estimated range being calculated from a given set of sample data • If independent samples are taken repeatedly from the same population, and a confidence interval is calculated for each sample, then a certain percentage of the individuals will include the unknown population parameter. |
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In an experimental design, the independent variable is manipulated or selected by the experimenter to determine its relationship to an observed phenomenon. T/F
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TRUE
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The dependent variable is the thing that someone actively controls/changes. T/F
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FALSE - the dependent variable is the result of the change.
The independent variable is the thing that is changed. |
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The relationship between the independent and dependent variables is called the experimental hypothesis. T/F
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TRUE
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The difference between the two groups that is not statistically significant is called ____.
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Chance
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The error of accepting an alternative hypothesis (the real hypothesis of interest) when an observation is due to chance is _____.
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Type 1 error
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The error of not rejecting a null hypothesis when the alternative hypothesis is the true state of nature is _____.
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Type 2 error
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All are true about the Simple experiment...
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• It is easy to maximize chances the study will be internally valid.
• Controlled situation improves power, may hurt ability to generalize to less controlled situations. • Homogeneous participants improves power, may hurt ability to generalize to other types of participants. |
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By combining random selection and random assignment, you can get to a study that is internally and externally valid. T/F
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TRUE
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Probability applies exclusively to a future event. T/F
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TRUE
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If probability is equal to 1 then that event is certain to happen and if the probability is 0 then that event will never occur. T/F
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TRUE
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The outcome of an experiment together with its respective probabilities constitutes a probability distribution. T/F
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TRUE
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The binomial distribution presents the probabilities of various numbers of successes in trials where there are more than two possible outcomes to each trial. T/F
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FALSE- ...where there are ONLY TWO possible outcomes.
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All are true about the statement that the "binomial expansion is applicable provided that…."
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• Each trial has only two possible outcomes - success or failure.
• The outcome of each trial is independent of the outcomes of any other trial. • The probability of success, pm, is constant from trial to trial |
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All the following are true statements regarding the importance of normal distributions...
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• Critical for health determinations - healthy vs. sick
• Countless phenomenon follow the normal distribution • Possesses certain mathematical properties that make it attractive and easy to manipulate • Much statistical theory and methodology was developed around the assumption that certain data are distributed approximately normally • It is the basis for the use of inferential statistics |
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The importance of normal distributions is that It is the basis for the use of inferential statistics. T/F
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TRUE
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A property of the normal distribution of a population sample is that it produces a Bell-shaped curve. T/F
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TRUE
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A property of the normal distribution of a population sample is it is a theoretical distribution defined by two parameters: the mean and the standard deviation. T/F
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TRUE
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The coefficient of variation is an attribute of a distribution: its standard deviation divided by its mean that allows comparison of the variation of populations that have significantly different mean values. T/F
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TRUE
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A measure of variability, which is dependent upon every value and a set of data, is the standard deviation. T/F
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TRUE
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In a right skewed distribution...
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The mean is higher than the median.
Median is a better measure than the mean in skewedness. |
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The key to this simple experiment is...
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Random assignment
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If the difference between the "treatment group", and the "no treatment group" is not larger than what would be expected by chance, then the results are inconclusive. T/F
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FALSE - you can conclude that the treatment was not effective
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A statistical test can help to determine whether or not a research finding was due to chance. When the test says the finding was statistically significant, this means that...
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The result is not due to chance
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Rejecting the Null hypothesis, when it is actually false is...
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The correct thing to do.
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Age is an appropriate independent variable for an experiment, because you can manipulate or control it. T/F
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Who knows????
FALSE if you take it that he means you can manipulate age in people TRUE if you take it that he means you can control for age in the study |