Research

Front 1

____ ______describes phenomena in non-numerical terms Methods include participant-observer, case study

Back 1

qualitative research

Front 2

_____ ______ research Involves measurement of some kind.

Back 2

quantatitive research

Front 3

______ Involves manipulation of a variable (IV, independent variable) which is expected to have an effect on some other variable (DV, dependent variable)

Back 3

experimental

Front 4

A
true _____ design uses random sampling and controls for other (confounding or extraneous) variables

Back 4

experimental

Front 5

_____research is generally
regarded as the most “powerful” but is not always possible, ethical or practical in
disciplines such as counseling.

Back 5

experimental

Front 6

______ _____ research does not use random sampling. Examples include existing-groups designs and ex post facto designs.

Back 6

quasi-experimental

Front 7

______ Describes a relationship between two phenomena but does not imply a
cause-and-effect relationship; does not control for confounding variables

Back 7

correlation

Front 8

______ research describes a trait or phenomenon but does not manipulate it

Back 8

descriptive

Front 9

_____ is essentially a case study involving a single subject.

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N=1 design

Front 10

in _____ four group design Two experimental groups and two control groups;
only one of each is pre-tested.

Back 10

solomns

Front 11

in a ____ ____ design: Same subjects are pre-tested, an IV introduced, then they
are post-tested.

Back 11

within subjects

Front 12

in a ____ ____ design Different groups are measured.

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between subjects

Front 13

a _____ Consists of all members of a group, e.g., all 18-year-old girls in Louisiana

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population

Front 14

a ____ is a subset of a population, e.g, 100 18-year-old girls from a particular geographic region.

Back 14

sample

Front 15

____ sampling is the most scientifically rigorous; every member of the population has
an equal chance of being selected

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random

Front 16

_____ sampling uses existing structures such as school systems or clinic clients,
and subjects are drawn from those structures.

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convenience

Front 17

____ ____ is important to the significance of the study

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sample size

Front 18

____sampling: Ensures that the sample mirrors the demographics of the population
(e.g., age, race, income level, etc.)

Back 18

Stratified

Front 19

A_ sample size of at least__is generally required for statistical significance

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30

Front 20

In a survey, ___ subjects or a 50 – 75% return rate is desirable.

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100

Front 21

what are the 4 types of data?

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nominal
ordinal
interval
ratio

Front 22

_____ data consists of naming categories of individuals or conditions, with no “value” attached

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nominal

Front 23

_____ data Arranges categories in order of lesser to greater, but the interval between categories is not uniform (e.g., 1st, 2nd, and 3rd place in a contest)

Back 23

Ordinal

Front 24

____ data shows the difference in value between objects is uniform, but there is no real “zero”
point. This kind of data can be added or subtracted, but not multiplied or divided.

Back 24

interval

Front 25

____ data shows the difference in value is uniform, and there is a true zero point. This data can be
multiplied and divided as well as added or subtracted.

Back 25

ratio

Front 26

Most statistical operations
require ___ or ____ data

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interval
ratio

Front 27

____ statistics: Describe some characteristic in a subject, sample, or population

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descriptive

Front 28

what are the three Measures of central tendency

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mean
median
mode

Front 29

the ___ is the Middle score in a list of scores arranged from lowest to highest

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median

Front 30

the ____ is the Arithmetic average

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mean

Front 31

the ___ is the Most frequently occurring score.

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mode

Front 32

The____ is the most familiar and commonly used measure, but if there are extreme
scores the ____ may be more accurate.

Back 32

mean
Median

Front 33

Measures of ______ describe how individual scores deviate from the central tendency. .

Back 33

variance

Front 34

______ is the degree to which individual scores are spread out or
clustered together

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variability

Front 35

the ____ is the Highest score minus the lowest score

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range

Front 36

the ___ ____ is the most commonly used measure of variability

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standard deviation

Front 37

_____is the relationship between two variables, usually
represented by the Pearson correlation coefficient “r”.

Back 37

correlation

Front 38

Correlation is described in
terms of ____ (positive or negative) and _____

Back 38

direction
magnitude

Front 39

_____ Show correlation; the more widely dispersed the dots are, the less
correlation

Back 39

scatterplots

Front 40

the _____ is the horizontal axis or abscissa

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x axis

Front 41

the ___ is the vertical axis or ordinate

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y axis

Front 42

Histograms/ Bar graphs
Line graphs are examples of ____ _____

Back 42

frequency distributions

Front 43

a ___ ____ is a representation of the central tendencies and variances of a measure as they
occur in a population.

Back 43

normal curve

Front 44

The ___ ____ allows us to predict the proportion of the populations whose score or
measurement will fall within a certain range; therefore it can be used as a measure of
______

Back 44

normal curve
probability

Front 45

The x axis on a normal curve represents the score or measure of ____ (e.g, IQ, exam score, etc.)

Back 45

interest

Front 46

The y axis on a normal curve represents the _____ of a particular score in the population

Back 46

frequency

Front 47

The curve is ______; the peak of the curve represents the mean, median and
mode (these scores are all the same in a normal distribution)

Back 47

symmetrical

Front 48

Raw scores often must be converted to ____scores in order for the bell curve to be
useful. .

Back 48

standard

Front 49

_____ scores all have a defined mean and a defined standard deviation

Back 49

standard

Front 50

Some common standard scores are IQ: Mean __; SD 15 or 16 (depending on the test)

Back 50

100

Front 51

____ are Essentially the same thing as standard deviation; mean is zero, SD is 1

Back 51

z scores

Front 52

t-scores in a normal distribution would be expressed as : Mean __, SD 10

Back 52

50

Front 53

_____ Divide the distribution into 9 equal intervals with 5 as the means

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stanines

Front 54

____ scores: Indicate the percent of subjects whose score falls below an individual
score

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percentile

Front 55

_____scores divide the distribution in quarters. The 1st quartile score has 25% of the scores below it; the 2nd quartile has 50% of the scores below it, etc

Back 55

quartile

Front 56

The _____
range is the difference between the first quartile and the third quartile and serves as a measure of _____

Back 56

inter-quartile
variability

Front 57

The semi-inter-quartile range is ____ of the inter-quartile
range.

Back 57

one half

Front 58

in a ______ distribution the Mean, median and mode are not equal

Back 58

skewed

Front 59

a ____ skew has a larger number of LOW scores; the “hump” of the curve would be to the left (negative end), and the “tail” to the right (positive end) of the x axis.
Mean score>median score>mode score

Back 59

positive

Front 60

in a ____skew alarger number of HIGH scores; the “hump” is top the right and the
“tail” is to the left. Mode score>median score>mean score

Back 60

negative

Front 61

____ distributions includeTwo humps, like camel humps. Usually indicates that two
distinct populations have been studied together.

Back 61

bimodal

Front 62

a ____ distribution is Flatter than a normal curve

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Platykurtic

Front 63

a ____ distribution is Taller than a normal curve

Back 63

Leptokurtic

Front 64

_____ statistics: Allow us to use sample data to make predictions about the population

Back 64

inferential

Front 65

A ____ _____ is a statement that there will be no significant difference between the
experimental group and the control group, i.e., that the IV will have no effect on
the DV

Back 65

null hypothesis

Front 66

The ____ hypothesis is A statement that the IV will affect the DV; may be stated
as such or may be assumed as the counterpart to the null hypothesis

Back 66

experimental

Front 67

Level of ___ Represents the probability that a difference between the two
groups is due to chance. The value of p is set before the study is done

Back 67

significance or "p"

Front 68

in a ____ the data is converted to a t-score. The t-score must exceed a critical t value at the stated probability level p in order to be considered statistically significant

Back 68

t test

Front 69

____
are used when there is only one variable under study.

Back 69

t tests

Front 70

A ____ t-test tests the hypothesis that a difference between group will be in a
particular direction e.g., Group A will score higher than Group B).

Back 70

one tailed

Front 71

A _____
t-test will test the hypothesis that will be a difference, with no direction stated.

Back 71

two tailed

Front 72

____ of _____ is used when there are two levels of the same IV, such as
30 minutes of relaxation training vs one hour of relaxation training.

Back 72

analysis of variance anova

Front 73

____ is used when there is more than one IV, such as
relaxation training vs accupuncture.

Back 73

manova (multivariate)

Front 74

____ of _____ Used when there are multiple variables that
cannot be eliminated; it measures the amount of influence each variable has on
the DV, and statistically controls for extraneous variab

Back 74

analysis of covariance

Front 75

_____ is an expression of whether the IV truly affects the DV, as opposed to some
other factor (maturation, learning or statistical regression, for example)

Back 75

validity

Front 76

_____ is an expression of whether the results can be replicated. A measurement can be reliable without being valid.

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reliability

Front 77

____ error (Alpha error): is rejecting the null hypothesis when it is actually true

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type 1

Front 78

____ error (Beta error): accepting the null hypothesis when it is actually false
The smaller the value of p, the lower the risk of a type I error, but the higher the
risk of a Type II error. Both types are decreased by increasing the sample size.

Back 78

type 2

Front 79

______ data analysis: When the data under study are ordinal or nominal statistical tests are used to see if the distribution of obtained scores
differs significantly from the expected (not exactly the normal) distribution – this
is known as “goodness of fit”.

Back 79

nonparametric

Front 80

The most common non-parametric test is the _____

Back 80

chi-square

Front 81

Correlation between nonparametric data is expressed with _____
rho and Kendall’s tau.

Back 81

spearman

Front 82

The____ effect occurs when a trait that is not being studied influences a researcher’s rating on the trait being studied

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halo

Front 83

The_____ effect is when the investigator’s feelings toward the subject influence the
outcome.

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roesnthal

Front 84

The _____effect occurs when subjects change their behavior simply because they know they are
being studied.

Back 84

hawthorne

Front 85

The ___ ___ effect AKA Compensatory rivalry of a comparison group –when a
group is motivated to improve its performance in the study, so that it does not
really represent their normal performance

Back 85

john henry

Front 86

_____ _____ is conducted to advance our understanding of theory

Back 86

basic research

Front 87

_______ means to interpret the results in the simpliest way

Back 87

parsimony

Front 88

parsimony is also know as ____ _____

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occam's razor

Front 89

______ pioneered in hypothesis testing

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fisher

Front 90

____ summarizes a characteristic of a population

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parameter

Front 91

______ ____ is used for ordinal data

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spearman rho

Front 92

______ scales are interval scales with an absolute zero point

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ratio

Front 93

standard deviation is a measure of _______

Back 93

variability

Front 94

the measures of central tendency include _____ _____ and _____

Back 94

mean median mode

Front 95

in research, a variable that is consequence of an antecendent variable called a ________

Back 95

dependent

Front 96

a ______ scale places objects or individuals into categories.

Back 96

nominal

Front 97

a researcher whose study involves manipulation of the independent variable in a controlled setting is conducting _____ ______

Back 97

experimental research

Front 98

a theory that explains events in the simplest form possible and has fewer complexities and assumptions is said to be ______

Back 98

parsimonous

Front 99

population ______ are the characteristics of the larger group while ___ refers to the characteristics of the sample

Back 99

parameters
statistics

Front 100

if the ________ is set at 0.1 , the results of the study would be because of change rather than treatment less than 1 time out of 100

Back 100

level of signficance

Front 101

maturation, regression, and expermental mortality are examples of threats to ___ ____

Back 101

internal validity

Front 102

to compare the mean of two groups, the _______ should be used.

Back 102

t-test

Front 103

interval and ratio data are ______ _____, and nominal and ordinal are _____ data

Back 103

quantitative data
qualitative

Front 104

in _______ ____ research, the independent variable is not within the control of the researcher

Back 104

expost facto

Front 105

when two or more groups are being compared, the omnibus ______ can be used to determine if any significant differences exist

Back 105

f test

Front 106

when ______ _____ sampling is used each member of the population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen

Back 106

simple random

Front 107

the calculated and critical t values are compared to determine whether or not to reject the ____ _____

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null hypothesis

Front 108

______ ______ has to do with the generalizablilty of the results of a study

Back 108

external validity

Front 109

when all the elements of the population cant be enumerated _______ samples must be used to select subjects

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nonprobability

Front 110

in general, ______ is theory oriented and _______ is outcome oriented

Back 110

research
evaualtion

Front 111

when more than one independent variable is manipulated, factorial research designs are used to analyze main effects as well as _______ ______

Back 111

interaction effects

Front 112

experimental research is designed for hypothesis testing, whereas ________ research seeks to determine what exists.

Back 112

descriptive

Front 113

one measure of dispersion, ______ tells the difference between the highest and lowest values in the distribution

Back 113

range

Front 114

_______ refers to strength of the relationship between two variables

Back 114

correlation

Front 115

_______ _______ test a relationship between treatment and outcome

Back 115

inferential statistics

Front 116

________ research may be either descriptive or ex post facto

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survey

Front 117

_______ is associated with cumulative scales

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gutman

Front 118

_______ is associated with an experimental effect that threatens internal validity

Back 118

hawthorne

Front 119

_____ is associated with summated rating scales

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likert

Front 120

______ is associated with product moment coefficient of correlation for linear, interval data

Back 120

pearson

Front 121

______ is an experimental effect in which some characteristic or behavior or the experimenter influences the subjects behavior

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rosenthal

Front 122

the ______ research design occurs with three or four groups

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solomon

Front 123

the ______ coefficient of correlation for rank ordered data

Back 123

spearman

Front 124

_______ is asssociated with Q methodology

Back 124

stephenson

Front 125

_______ is equal-appearing interval scales

Back 125

thurstone

Front 126

_______ is a post hoc multiple comparison test

Back 126

tukey