Reproductive System

Front 1

priapism

Back 1

a painful erection lasting four hours or more, that is not accompanied by sexual excitement

Front 2

testes

Back 2

primary sex organ in males which produces gametes, i.e., the sperm

Front 3

gubernaculum testis

Back 3

cord of connective tissue and muscle fibers that extends from the inferior part of each testis to the posterior wall of a small pocket of peritoneum

Front 4

spermatic cord

Back 4

composite structure that consists of layers of fascia, tough connective tissue and muscle enclosing the blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics supplying the testes

Front 5

inguinal hernia

Back 5

protrusion of a loop or portion of the visceral abdominal contents through the inguinal canal

Front 6

contents of the spermatic cord

Back 6

ductus deferens (vas deferens)
testicular artery
pampiniform plexus of the testicular vein
ilioinguinal and genitofemoral nerves
cremaster muscle

Front 7

cremaster muscle

Back 7

continues with abdominal wall, elevates scrotum for temperature regulation

Front 8

perineal raphe

Back 8

raised thickening in the scrotal surface that marks the division between the two compartments

Front 9

scrotal cavity

Back 9

name of compartments which hold the testes

Front 10

tunica vaginalis

Back 10

serous membrane that covers the outside of each testis and lines the scrotal cavity

Front 11

dartos muscle

Back 11

layer of smooth muscle found within the dermis of the scrotum (tonic contraction causes the characteristic wrinkled appearance of the scrotum)

Front 12

cremaster muscle

Back 12

layer of skeletal muscle that lies deep to the dermis (contraction tenses the scrotum and pulls the testes closer to the body)

Front 13

cremasteric reflex

Back 13

contraction occurs during stimulation of inner thigh, sexual arousal, temp. change (shrinkage)

Front 14

tunica albuginea

Back 14

dense fibrous layer that surrounds the testes-rich in collagen fibers which extend into the testes forming partitions or septa

Front 15

mediastinum of the testes

Back 15

area of the testes where the septa converge-supports the blood vessels, lymphatics of the testes and the ducts that collect and transport sperm out of the testes

Front 16

lobules of the testes

Back 16

compartments resulting from the septa

Front 17

seminiferous tubules

Back 17

long coiled u-shaped tubes that are distributed among the lobules (site of sperm production)

Front 18

straight tubule

Back 18

single tube that connects the seminiferous tubules to the mediastinum of the testes

Front 19

rete testis

Back 19

series of interconnected tubular passageways within the mediastinum of the testes

Front 20

efferent ductules

Back 20

connect the rete testes to the epididymis, where sperm is stored and maturation occurs

Front 21

interstitial cells

Back 21

located in the spaces between the seminiferous tubules-produces testosterone

Front 22

functions of testosterone

Back 22

sperm production and maturation, accessory organ maintenance, development of secondary sex characteristics, stimulate growth and metabolism throughout the body, and influences brain development by stimulating sexual behavior and drive

Front 23

gonads

Back 23

reproductive organs that produce reproductive cells (gametes) and hormones

Front 24

reproductive tract

Back 24

consists of ducts that receive, store and transport gametes

Front 25

accessory glands and organs

Back 25

secrete fluids into ducts of the reproductive system or into other excretory ducts

Front 26

spermatogenesis

Back 26

process of sperm production that begins in the outermost layers of the seminiferous tubules

Front 27

spermatogonia

Back 27

stem cells that are dormant until puberty when they begin dividing. at each division one daughter cell remains in the outer layer of the seminiferous tubule as an undifferentiated stem cell

Front 28

primary spermatocyte

Back 28

cell that reaches the lumen of the seminiferous tubules and prepares to begin meiosis

Front 29

secondary spermatocyte

Back 29

2 are formed from division of the primary spermatocyte. this is the first step of meiosis

Front 30

spermatids

Back 30

4 are formed from the division of each secondary spermatocyte

Front 31

spermiogenesis

Back 31

process of sperm differentiation that leads to formation of mature sperm

Front 32

sustentacular cells

Back 32

aka sertoli cells. large cells that are attached to the basement membrane at the tubular capsule

Front 33

Functions of sustentacular cells

Back 33

maintain blood testes barrier, support spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis, secrete inhibin and androgen-binding protein

Front 34

When is a spermatid considered a mature spermatozoa (sperm)?

Back 34

when they lose their attachment to the sustentacular cells and enter the lumen of the seminiferous tubule

Front 35

3 regions of a spermatozoa

Back 35

Head-contains densely packed chromosomes and an acrosomal cap
Neck-contains both centrioles of the original spermatid
Tail-the only example of a flagellum in the human body

Front 36

Acrosomal cap

Back 36

membrane bound, vesicular compartment at the tip of the head that contains enzymes involved with preliminary steps of fertilization

Front 37

Oogenesis

Back 37

1. mitosis of oogonium before birth (primary oocyte-diploid)
2. DNA replication before birth
3. Synapsis and tetrad formation in the primary oocyte
4. Meiosis 1 after puberty. polar body dies and one secondary oocyte lives (haploid), ovulated in metaphase of meiosis 2
5. Meiosis 2 begun in tertiary follicle and completed if fertilization occurs, second polar body dies, haploid ovum lives.

Front 38

ovarian follicles

Back 38

structure of the ovary in which oogenesis occurs

Front 39

oogonia

Back 39

female stem cells, division is completed before birth

Front 40

egg nests

Back 40

clusters of primary oocytes in outer portion of ovarian cortex, each oocyte is surrounded by a layer of simple squamous follicular cells

Front 41

primordial follicle

Back 41

primary oocyte and surrounding follicle cells

Front 42

what triggers the start of the ovarian cycle?

Back 42

rising levels of FSH in puberty

Front 43

epididymis

Back 43

long coiled tube, lined with simple columnar epithelium

Front 44

capacitation

Back 44

activation process that must occur before sperm can successfully fertilize an egg

Front 45

head of the epididymis

Back 45

superior portion, receives spermatozoa via efferent ducts of the mediastinum of the testes

Front 46

body of the epididymis

Back 46

distal to the last efferent duct and extends inferiorly along the posterior margin of the testes

Front 47

tail of the epididymis

Back 47

marked by several convolutions near the inferior border of the testes

Front 48

steps of capacitation

Back 48

1. sperm becomes motile when mixed with secretions of the seminal vesicles
2. sperm becomes capable of fertilization when permeability of its membrane changes upon exposure to the conditions of the female reproductive tract

Front 49

ductus deferens

Back 49

begins at the end of the tail of the epididymis and ascends into the abdominopelvic cavity through the inguinal canal as part of the spermatic cord

Front 50

functions of the epididymis

Back 50

1. monitor and adjust composition of fluid produced by the seminiferous tubules
2. recycle damaged spermatozoa
3. store sperm and facilitate maturation

Front 51

structure of the ductus deferens

Back 51

ampulla-expanded portion
wall-smooth muscle layer-peristaltic contractions propel sperm and fluid along columnar epithelium lined duct
ejaculatory duct-short passageway that penetrates the wall of the prostate gland and empties into the urethra near the duct from the other side

Front 52

urethra

Back 52

prostatic, membranous, penile

Front 53

what percentage of semen volume is secreted by seminiferous tubules and epididymis?

Back 53

5%

Front 54

Accessory gland functions

Back 54

1. activate sperm
2. provide sperm nutrients for motility
3. produce buffers to counteract acidity of urethral and vaginal contents

Front 55

What are the accessory glands?

Back 55

seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands

Front 56

seminal vesicles

Back 56

tubular glands that are coiled and folded into a compact, tapered mass, sandwiched between posterior wall of the bladder and the anterior wall of the rectum, lined by pseudostratified columnar or cuboidal epithelium-extremely secretory. contributes 60% of seminal fluid including prostaglandins, clotting proteins, fructose to activate sperm by providing energy source

Front 57

prostate gland

Back 57

small, muscular, rounded gland that encircles prostatic urethra as it leaves urinary bladder. contributes 20-30% of seminal fluid containing seminalplasmin. secretions ejected into prostatic urethra by peristaltic contractions. 30-50 tuboalveolar glands wrapped in smooth muscle. simple-pseudostratified columnar epithelial lining

Front 58

bulbourethral glands

Back 58

small, round paired glands located at base of the penis, lined by simple columnar epithelium, contributes 10% of seminal fluid in the form of a sticky, alkaline mucous to neutralize urinary acids and lubricate tip of penis

Front 59

what does semen consist of?

Back 59

20-100 million sperm/cubic ml, seminal fluid produced by the glands, enzymes (protease to dissolve mucous secretions in the vagina, and seminalplasmin)

Front 60

seminalplasmin

Back 60

antibiotic that may help prevent urinary tract infections in males, produced by the prostate gland

Front 61

regions of the penis

Back 61

root-attached to pubic bone
body (shaft)-tubular, movable portion consisting of 3 parallel masses of erectile tissue
glans- distal end, enlargement of corpus spongiosum

Front 62

crura

Back 62

paired posterior regions of erectile tissue in the root of the penis, continuous with corpora cavernosa, ischiocavernosus muscle

Front 63

parts of the bulb

Back 63

unpaired posterior region of erectile tissue in the root of the penis. continuous with the corpus spongiosum. bulbospongiosus muscle

Front 64

parts of the shaft

Back 64

corpora cavernosa-paired erectile tissue on the anterior surface of the body of the penis
corpus spongiosum-erectile tissue surrounding the penile urethra, expands distally to form glans

Front 65

parts of the glans

Back 65

prepuce (foreskin), neck (narrowed region of glans), external urethral meatus (opening of urethra to outside), preputial glands (in skin of neck, produce waxy smegma)

Front 66

Ejaculation

Back 66

2-5 ml of semen pushed toward external urethral orifice by rhythmic contractions of the ischocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles.

Front 67

Emission

Back 67

sympathetic nervous system coordinates peristaltic contractions that sweep along the ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate and bulbourethral glands mixing components of semen

Front 68

broad ligament

Back 68

extensive mesentery that attaches to the sides and floor of pelvic cavity enclosing ovaries, uterine tubes and uterus

Front 69

mesosalpinx

Back 69

free edge of broad ligament attached to each uterine tube

Front 70

mesovarium

Back 70

thickened fold of the broad ligament that attaches to the ovary

Front 71

rectouterine pouch

Back 71

pocket formed between posterior wall of the uterus and the anterior wall of the rectum

Front 72

vesicouterine pouch

Back 72

pocket formed between anterior wall of the uterus and posterior wall of the urinary bladder

Front 73

ova

Back 73

female gametes

Front 74

ovarian ligament

Back 74

extends from the lateral wall of the uterus to the medial surface of the ovary

Front 75

suspensory ligament

Back 75

extends from the lateral surface of the ovary to the pelvic wall. ovarian artery and vein travel to and from ovary in this ligament

Front 76

germinal epithelium

Back 76

visceral peritoneum consisting of a single layer of cubiodal epithelium covering tunica albuginea, cortex, and medulla

Front 77

tunica albuginea (female)

Back 77

dense connective tissue layer that surrounds the ovary

Front 78

cortex

Back 78

superficial region of the interior of the ovary

Front 79

medulla

Back 79

deeper region of the interior of the ovary

Front 80

Steps of the ovarian cycle

Back 80

1. formation of the primary follicle
2. formation of secondary follicle by only a few primary follicles
3. formation of tertiary follicle 8-10 days after ovarian cycle begins
4. ovulation
5. formation of corpus luteum
6. formation of corpus albicans

Front 81

Functions of estrogen

Back 81

1. stimulate bone and muscle growth
2. maintain female 2ndary sex characteristics
3. affect CNS activity, sex related behaviors and drives
4. maintain function of reproductive glands and organs
5. repair and growth of uterine lining

Front 82

4 regions of the uterine tubes

Back 82

infundibulum-end closest to the ovary forms funnel
ampulla-middle portion
isthmus-segment attached to uterine wall
intramural or uterine portion-opens into uterine cavity

Front 83

fimbria

Back 83

fingerlike projections extending from infundibulum into the pelvic cavity that grab the egg when ovary releases one

Front 84

histology of the uterine tubes

Back 84

simple columnar epithelium lining. ciliated and non-ciliated. concentric layers of smooth muscle suround

Front 85

transport along uterine tubes

Back 85

ciliary movements and peristaltic contractions stimulated by ANS a few hours after ovulation. oocyte takes 3-4 days to travel the tubes.

Front 86

Where does fertilization occur?

Back 86

typically in the ampulla

Front 87

Postitions of the uterus

Back 87

anteflexion-normal, bends anteriorly near base
retroflexion-abnormal, bends backwards toward sacrum

Front 88

uterosacral ligaments

Back 88

extend from lateral edges of uterus to sacrum, prevents uterus from moving inferiorly and anteriorly

Front 89

round ligaments

Back 89

arise on lateral edges of uterus and extend anteriorly, passing through inguinal canal and ending in external genitalia. restricts posterior movement of uterus

Front 90

lateral ligaments

Back 90

run from base of uterus to lateral walls of pelvis-prevent inferior movement of uterus

Front 91

anatomy of uterus

Back 91

body-largest region
fundus-rounded portion of body superior to attachment of uterine tubes
isthmus-constriction near inferior end of uterus
cervix-inferior portion that projects into vagina

Front 92

Parts of the cervix

Back 92

external orfice ( external os)-distal end of the cervix that leads to vagina
cervical canal- constricted passageway that opens between external and internal os
internal orifice (inthernal os)-proximal end of the canal that opens into uterus

Front 93

Parts of the uterine wall

Back 93

myometrium-outer, muscular portion. 90% uterine mass
endometrium-inner glandular layer, about 10% of the mass.
perimetrium-outermost serosa layer-found over fundus and anterior/posterior surfaces of uterine body
blood supply-arteries and veins

Front 94

Endometrium

Back 94

1. functional zone- closest to uterine cavity-contains most of the glands
2. basilar zone-outer layer adjacent to myometrium-terminal branches of tubular glands

Front 95

myometrium

Back 95

contains several branches of the uterine artery

Front 96

vaginal canal

Back 96

proximal end of vagina into which the cervix projects

Front 97

fornix

Back 97

shallow recess surrounding cervical protrusion

Front 98

rugae

Back 98

folds in the lining of the vagina when relaxed. stratified squamous epithelium

Front 99

muscularis of vagina

Back 99

smooth muscle walls, two layers, circular and longitudinal, continuous with the muscular layers of the myometrium

Front 100

hymen

Back 100

elastic epithelial fold separating vagina and vestibule

Front 101

vestibular bulbs

Back 101

erectile tissue near opening-covered by 2 bulbospongisus muscles

Front 102

vulva

Back 102

region enclosing the female external genitalia

Front 103

vestibule

Back 103

central space into which the vagina opens externally

Front 104

labia minora

Back 104

thin folds of mucous membrane

Front 105

labia majora

Back 105

fatty external folds

Front 106

clitoris

Back 106

contains erectile tissue homologous to the corpora cavernosa of the penis

Front 107

prepuce

Back 107

extension of the labia minora that sits superior to and encircles the body of the clitoris

Front 108

lesser and greater vestibular glands

Back 108

discharge secretions into the vestibule, keeping it moistened

Front 109

mons pubis

Back 109

fatty pad over pubic bone