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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
AFP mis-interpretation
-due to what? -why? |
-dating error (underestimate gestational age)
-AFP increases with gestational age |
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triplet test is what 3 hormones?
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AFP, hCG, estriol
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AFP levels
-Down's syndrome -hepatocellular carcinoma |
-decreased AFP
-increased AFP |
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hCG
-source -fxn -test for what? -elevated in what conditions? -decreased in what? |
-syncytiotrophoblast (placenta)
-maintains corpus luteum -used to test preg 8 days post-fertilization -hydatidform mole, choriocarcinoma -Down's syndrome |
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hydatidiform mole
-what is it? -labs? -physical exam? -appearance -complete mole: genotype, origin -partial mole: genotype -what may be present in partial? |
-ovum with no DNA- cystic swelling of chorionic vili
-increased beta-hCG -enlarged uterus -cluster of grapes -46, XX, completely parternal -triploid or tetraploid -part of fetus may be present |
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LH
-stimulates which cells in males? -produce which hormone? |
-Leydig cells
-testosterone |
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FSH
-stimulates which cells in males? -where are they located -secrete what? |
-Sertoli cells
-seminiferous tubules -inhibin B -what is the importance of inhibin B |
-feedback inhibition on FSH
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Pelvic inflammatory disease
-what organisms? -sxs? -increase incidence of what? |
-Gonorrhea,Chlamydia
-fever, rebound abdominal tenderness, cervical motion/adnexal tenderness, purulent cervical discharge -ectopic pregnancy |
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what causes ovulation?
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LH surge
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oral contraceptives
-prevent what? 3 |
-prevent estrogen surge, LH surge, ovulation
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which hormone dominates in secretory phase?
proliferative phase? |
-progesterone
-estrogen |
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what is the action of estrogen?
what is the action of progesterone? |
-stimulates endometrial proliferation
-maintains endometrium to support implantation |
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Meiosis
-when do primary oocytes begin meiosis I? -when is meiosis I complete? -meisosis I is arrested in which phase? -meisosi II is arrested in which phase? until when? |
-during fetal life
-prior to ovulation -prophase (until ovulation) -metaphase; until fertilization |
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Polycystic ovarian syndrome
-increase in what hormone? -LH levels? -FSH levels? -clinical findings? -tx? -increase risk of what conditions? |
-testosterone
-increased LH (leads to what?) -decreased FSH -amenorrhea, infertility, obesity, hirsutism, polyystic ovaries -weight loss, OCPs, gonadotropin analogues, surgery -DM 2, endometrial adenocarcinoma |
-incraase LH -> anovulation, hyperandrogenism (deranged steroid synthesis)
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Flutamide
-MoA -use? -SE |
-competes with testosterone and DHT for testosterone receptors
-prostate cancer -gyencomastia, impotence, hot flashes |
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hydrocele
-what accumulates where? -which structure failed to close? |
-serous fluid accumulates in tunica vaginalis
-processus vaginalis |
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PID includes which conditions?
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-salpingitis- fallopian tubes
-endometritis -hydrosalpinx- blocked fallopian tube -tub-ovarian abscess |
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salpingitis is a risk factor for what?
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-ectopic pregnancy
-infertility -chronic pelvic pain -adhesions |
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varicocele
-what is it? -MoA -outcome? |
-enlargement of veins in the scrotum draining the testicles
-valves in the veins don't work properly -damage testicular tissue |
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indirect inguinal hernia
-goes through which structures? -anatomical location? -population? -what structure failed to close? |
-internal inguinal ring, external inguinal ring, into scrotum
-lateral to inferior epigastric artery -infants -processus vaginalis |
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direct inguinalhernia
-anatomical location? -goes through which structure? -covered by what? -population |
-medial to inferior epigastric artery (Hesselbach's triangle)
-external inguinal ring only -covered by transversalis fascia -older men |
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femoral hernia
-protrudes through which structure? -population |
-femoral canal, below and lateral to pubic tubercle
-women |
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Hesselbach's triangle
-what 3 structures? -which hernia |
-inguinal ligament
-inf epigastric artery -rectus abdominis -direct hernia |
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fibroadenoma
-what type of tumor? benign/malignant? -characteristics: size, texture -what changes with pregnancy -increase risk of breast cancer? |
-breast tumor, benign
-small, mobile, firm with sharp edges -increases in size with pregnancy -no |
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intraductal papilloma
-what kind of tumor? where? -presentation? -benign or malignant? |
-tumor of lactiferous ducts
-serous, bloody, nipple discharge -benign |
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cystosarcoma phyllodes
-what kind of tumor? -key characteristic? -benign or malignant? |
-large, bulky mass of CT tissue and cysts
-leaf-like projections -may be malignant |
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malignant breast carcinomas
-what receptors are overexpressed? -what is the most important prognostic factor? |
-erb-B2
-lymph node involvement |
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ductal carcinoma in situ
-what is key? -what point in the disease? -benign or malignant? |
-no basement membrane penetration
-early malignancy -malignant |
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invasive ductal carcinoma
-texture, appearance -prognosis -benign or malignant? |
-firm, fibrous mass
-worst and move invasive -malignant |
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comedocarcinoma
-what characteristic? -which part is invaded? |
-cheesy- central necrosis
-ductal |
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inflammatory carcinoma (breast)
-what is involved? -prognosis? |
-lymphatics
-poor prognosis |
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invasive lobular carcinoma
-characteristic? |
-multiple and bilateral
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medullary carcinoma (breast)
-prognosis -characteristic? |
-good
-fleshy, cellular, lymphocytic infiltrate |
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Paget's disease of the breast
-appearance? -what kind of cells -what is suggested? |
-eczematous patches on nipple
-large cells with clear halo -suggest underlying carcinoma |
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fibrocystic disease
-presentation |
-diffuse breast pain and multiple lesions (bilateral)
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acute mastitis
-what pathogen? -what is formed? |
-S. aurues
-breast abscess |
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fat necrosis
-pain? -cause? |
-painless lump
-injury to breast tissue |
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gynecomastia
-causes? |
-hyperestrogenism, Klinefelter's, drugs
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peau d'orange
-cause? |
-cancer infiltrates on suspensory Cooper ligaments
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