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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
these cells have 2 copies of each chromosome
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diploid
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these cells have 1 copy of each chromosome
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haploid
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how many stages does the cell cycle contain?
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5
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what are the G1, S, and G2 phases called collectively?
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interphase
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in this phase the DNA is uncoiled in the form of chromatin |
interphase
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in this stage of the cell cycle cells create organelles for energy and protein production while also increasing their size
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G1 or presynthetic gap
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when DNA is checked for quality before the cell can move into the synthesis stage
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restriction point
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in this stage of the cell cycle DNA is replicated |
synthesis
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after the synthesis stage the strands of DNA, called chromatids are held together here
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centromere
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in this stage of the cell cycle there is further cell growth and replication of organelles in preparation for mitosis
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G2 or postsynthetic gap
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What 2 things occur in the M stage of the cell cycle?
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mitosis and cytokinesis
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in this stage of the cell cycle the cell performs its function without any preparation for division
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G0
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what protein plays a major role in the 2 checkpoints of the cell cycle?
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p53
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what 2 things rise and fall during the cell cycle
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cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases
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cyclins bind to CDKs, phosphorylating and activating what for the next stage of the cell cycle?
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transcription factors
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this occurs when the cell cycle becomes deranged allowing damaged cells to undergo mitosis without regard to quantity or quality of the new cells produced
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cancer
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when cancer cells produce factors that allow them to escape their site and invade elsewhere
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metastasis
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mitosis only occurs in these cells
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somatic
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what does mitosis produce? |
2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells
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what are the 4 phases of mitosis?
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prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
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in this phase of mitosis, the chromosomes condense, centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell, and the spindle apparatus begins to form
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prophase
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the kinetochore of each chromosome is contacted by what? |
spindle giber
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in this phase of mitosis chromosomes line up along the equatorial plate |
metaphase
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in this phase of mitosis sister chromatids are separated and pulled to opposite poles |
anaphase
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in this phase of mitosis the nuclear membrane reforms, spindle apparatus disappears, and cytosol and organelles are split between the two daughter cells through cytokinesis |
telophase |
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this occurs in gametocytes |
meiosis |
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what does meiosis produce?
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up to 4 nonidentical haploid sex cells
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How many rounds of replication does meiosis have? How many rounds of division?
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1,2
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what are the names of the 2 divisions that occur in meiosis?
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reductional and equational
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in this phase of meiosis homologous pairs of chromosomes are separated from each other
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meiosis I
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chromosomes that are given the same number but are of opposite parental origin
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homologues
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what are the stages of meiosis I?
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Prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I
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in this stage of meiosis the same events occur as in prophase of mitosis except that homologues come together and intertwine in a process called synapsis
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prophase I
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when homologues come together and intertwine |
synapsis
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the four chromatids in prophase I are referred to as this
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tetrad
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this exchanges genetic material from one chromatid with material from a chromatid in the homologous chromosome
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crossing over |
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what law does crossing over account for?
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Mendel's second law of independent assortment |
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in this phase of meiosis homologous chromosomes line up on opposite sides of the metaphase plate |
metaphase I |
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in this phase of meiosis homologous chromosomes are segregates to opposite poles of the cell |
anaphase I
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what stage of meiosis accounts for Menel's first law of segregation? |
anaphase I
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in this phase of meiosis the chromosomes may or may not fully condense and the may enter intekinesis after cytokinesis
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telophase I
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in this phase of meiosis sister chromatids are separated from each other in a process that is functionally identical to mitosis |
meiosis II
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copies of the same DNA held together at the centromere
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sister chromatids
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biological sex is determined by what pair of chromosomes in humans
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23rd pair
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XX is what gender?
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female
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XY is what gender?
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this chromosome carries a sizeable amount of genetic information |
X
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males are ______________ with respect to the unpaired genes on the X chromosome
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hemizygous
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women with only one copy of the effected allele for a sex linked disorder are considered what?
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carriers
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this chromosomes carries little genetic information |
Y
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what gene does the Y chromosome carry?
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sex determine region Y
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this gene causes the gonads to differentiate into testes
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SRY gene
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this reproductive system contains both internal and external structures
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males reproductive system
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where does sperm develop in the testes |
seminiferous tubules
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what type of cells nourish sperm?
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Sertoli cells
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these cells secrete testosterone and other androgens |
interstitial cells of Leydig
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where are the testes located? |
scrotum
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this hangs outside of the male's abdominal body cavity and has a temperature 2-4 degrees lower than the rest of the body |
scrotum
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once sperm are formed they gain motility here and are also stored here until ejaculation |
epididymis
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during ejaculation what 4 places does sperm travel, in order?
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vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra, penis
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these contribute fructose to nourish sperm and produce alkaline fluid
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seminal vesicles
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this gland also produces alkaline fluid in males |
prostate gland |
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these glands produce a clear viscous fluid that cleans out any remnants of urine and lubricates the urethra during sexual arousal |
bulbourethral glands |
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what is semen composed of?
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sperm and seminal fluids
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in spermatogenesis what are produced from a spermatogonium?
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4 haploid sperm
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in males after the S stage what are the germ cells called?
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primary spermatocytes
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in males after meiosis I what are the germ cells called?
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secondary spermatocytes
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in males after meiosis II what are the germ cells called? |
spermatids
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in males after maturation what are the germ cells called? |
spermatozoa
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what 3 things do sperm contain?
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head, midpiece and flagella
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this part of the sperm contains the genetic material and is covered in acrosome
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head
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a modified Golgi apparatus that contains enzymes that help the sperm fuse to and penetrate the ovum |
acrosomes |
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this part of the sperm generates ATP from fructose and contains many mitochondria |
midpiece
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this part of the sperm promotes motility
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flagellum
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this reproductive system only contains internal structures |
female reproductive system
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where are the ova or eggs produced in the ovaries?
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follicles
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once a month an egg is ovulated into the _______________ ____________ and is drawn into the ___________________ _________________ or ____________________________. |
peritoneal sac, fallopian tube, oviduct |
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what are the fallopian tubes connected to?
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uterus
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lower end of the uterus that marks the transition between the vagina and the uterus |
cervix
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this lies below the cervix and is the site where sperm are deposited during intercourse; also what birth occurs through
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vaginal canal
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what is the external female anatomy known as?
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vulva
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what is formed from an oogonium in oogenesis?
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1 haploid ovum and a number of polar bodies
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at birth all oogenia have already undergone replication and are considered what? |
primary oocytes
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during what phase are primary oocytes arrested? |
prophase I
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the ovulated egg each month is called what?
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secondary oocyte
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when is the secondary oocyte arrested?
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metaphase II
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is cytokinesis even or uneven in oogenesis? |
uneven
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the cell in oogenesis receiving very little cytoplasm and organelles
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polar body |
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if any oocyte is fertilized what will it complete to become a true ovum? |
meiosis II
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an acellular mixture of glycoproteins that protect the oocyte and contain the compounds necessary for sperm binds |
zona pellucida
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a layer of cells that adhered to the oocyte during ovulation |
conrona radiata
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what 2 things surround the oocyte |
zona pellucida and corona radiata |
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gonadotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus causes the release of what 2 hormones?
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follicle stimulating and lutenizing |
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what hormone from the hypothalamus causes the release of follicle stimulating hormone and lutenizing horomone? |
gonadotropin releasing hormone
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in males this hormone stimulates the Sertoli cells and triggers spermatogenesis
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follicle stimulating hormone
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in males this hormone causes the interstitial cells to produce testosterone
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lutenizing hormone
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this is responsible for the maintenance and development of the male reproductive system and male secondary sex characteristics
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testosterone
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facial and axillary hair, deepening of the voice, and changes in growth patterns are all considered this |
secondary sex characteristics in men
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in females this hormone stimulates the development of ovarian follicles |
follicle stimulating hormone
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in females this hormone causes ovulation
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lutenizing hormone
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FSH and LH both stimulate the production of what in females?
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estrogen and progesterone
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a periodic growth and shedding of the endometrial lining
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menstrual cycle
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in this phase of the menstrual cycle GnRH stimulates FSH and LH secretion which promotes follicle development and estrogen is released
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follicular phase
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this stimulates the vascularization and glandularization of the decidua
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estrogen
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this is stimulated by a sudden surge in LH
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ovulation
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the release of the mature ovum from the ovarian follicle
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ovulation |
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in this phase of the menstrual cycle LH promotes the reptured follicle to become the corpus luteum which secretes progesterone that maintains the uterine lining
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luteal phase |
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high estrogen and progesterone levels cause what type of feedback on GnRH, LH, and FSH
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negative
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this occurs if there is no fertilization
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menstruation
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what is sloughed off in menstruation
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endometrial lining
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if fertilization does occur what does the blastula produce? |
hCG
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this occurs when the ovaries stop producing estrogen and progesterone usually between the ages of 45 and 55
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menopause |
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when menstruation stops FSH and LH levels do what?
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rise
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