Renal And Urinary System

Front 1

Excretion

Back 1

Waste products of metabolisms > urea and creatine

Front 2

Excretion

Back 2

Removal of excess fluid > conc and dilation of urine

Front 3

Excretion

Back 3

Excreted drugs and poisons

Front 4

Regulation

Back 4

Acid based balance excretion of H+ ion and conserves bicarbonate ions

Front 5

Regulation

Back 5

Electrolyte levels

Front 6

Secretion

Back 6

Renin - regulates BP

Front 7

Secretion

Back 7

Erythropoietin - contributed to red blood cell production

Front 8

Secretion

Back 8

Activated vit D - calcium uptake

Front 9

Position of kidneys

Back 9

R kidney lower because of liver, both receive individual blood supply at high pressure from the renal artery

Front 10

Adrenal glands

Back 10

Located at top of each kidney, which produce hormones; adrenaline and cortisol.

Front 11

Nephrons

Back 11

Responsible for filtering and excreting waste products and forming urine.

Front 12

Main structures of nephrons

Back 12

Glomerus, renal tubule

Front 13

Nephrons

Back 13

Filtrate, secretive reabsorption and secretion

Front 14

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Back 14

Total amount of filtrate formed per min by kidneys

Front 15

Auto regulation of the kidney

Back 15

BP is not consistent it varies with stress, fluid and exercise. Kidneys utilise these controls to maintain glomerular BP in systemic BP > consistency with GFR

Front 16

Excretion of waster products

Back 16

Urea excreted by glomerular filtration, creatinine breakdown of nitrogen metabolism. Drugs and poison create extra work for kidneys

Front 17

Regulation - water

Back 17

Controlled by ADH, either stimulated 2 reabsorb and conserve water or inhibited 2 allow increased water.

Front 18

Diuretics

Back 18

Allow increased diuresis in heart failure

Front 19

ADH mechanisms altered i

Back 19

If raised ICP or damage to hypothalamus or pituitary gland

Front 20

Urethra sphincters

Back 20

Help control urine flow and main continence

Front 21

Urethra

Back 21

Discharges urine from bladder, varies in length and peristaltic action.

Front 22

Micturition

Back 22

Brain detects a stretch in the bladder walls as bladder fills with urine, this occurs as messages are sent via a parasympathetic nerves to the sacral region of spinal chord + back to bladder causing reflex contractions, this increases and the detrusor muscles contact to empty the bladder.

Front 23

Sympathetic nerves I hit Detrusor contractions

Back 23

Which Excite the internal sphincter, opens and Urine fills the urethra.

Front 24

Somatic nerves

Back 24

Control urethral wall and external sphincter

Front 25

Urinary probs

Back 25

Injury 2 spinal nerves, bladder tumours, damage to external sphincter, obstructions to bladder, neck, urethra, prostrate probs, neurological dysfunction, UTI, tablets, psychological probs and social issues.

Front 26

Probs with micturition

Back 26

Frequency, urgency, retention, obstruction, poor micturition dribbling, incont, urge/stress incont

Front 27

Interventions

Back 27

Cont assessment, medical/surgery history, neuro exam, micturition patterns and symptoms, tablets, BMI, perineal, renal, vaginal, pelvic exam, catheterisation, social/environmental factors, urodynamic studies.