Renal 01: Vm - Kidney And Urinary Tract

Front 1

What kind of tissue encapsulates the kidneys?

Back 1

Dense, irregular CT

Front 2

What are the components of the renal cortex?

Back 2

- Renal corpuscles
- Proximal and distal tubules
- Capillaries
- Medullary rays

Front 3

What is shown in this slide?

Back 3

Renal Corpuscle:
- Glomerulus
- Mesangial Cells
- Bowman's Capsule

Front 4

What are Mesangial Cells? What is their function?

Back 4

- Modified smooth muscle cells (pericytes)
- Support the glomerulus
- May play a role in maintenance of the glomerular basement membrane

Front 5

What structure can you see with the light microscope surrounding the glomerulus?

Back 5

Parietal layer of Bowman's Capsule can be seen

Front 6

What makes up the Parietal layer of Bowman's Capsule?

Back 6

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Front 7

What makes up the Visceral layer of Bowman's Capsule?

Back 7

Podocytes

Front 8

The nuclei within the glomerulus belong to what three types of cells? Can they be distinguished (if so, how)?

Back 8

- Capillary Endothelial Cells (E)
- Podocytes (P)
- Mesangial Cells

- It is very difficult to distinguish them at the light microscope level w/o special staining techniques

Front 9

What is the clear space between the glomerulus and the parietal layer of Bowman's capsule called? What does this space contain?

Back 9

Urinary Space - contains a plasma ultrafiltrate (fluid that passed from the lumen of the capillaries into this space)

Front 10

What components make up the filtration barrier through which fluid passes in going from the glomerular capillaries into the urinary space?

Back 10

- Fenestrated Capillary Epithelium
- Fused Basal Laminae of capillary endothelial cells
- Podocytes
- Diaphragm-covered filtration slits between Podocyte foot processes

Front 11

What can be seen in this image?

Back 11

Vascular Pole
- Afferent arteriole supplies the glomerular capillaries
- Efferent arteriole drains them

Front 12

What can be seen in this image?

Back 12

Urinary Pole
- Where plasma ultrafiltrate exits the renal corpuscle

Front 13

What can be seen in this image?

Back 13

Proximal Tubule
- This is the first place the plasma ultriafiltrate enters into

Front 14

What is a nephron?

Back 14

- Functional unit of the kidney
- Consists of a renal corpuscle, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule

Front 15

Proximal Tubules:
- Epithelium?
- Lumen characteristics?
- Cell borders?
- Nuclei?
- Cytoplasm?

Back 15

- High cuboidal
- Occluded lumen (d/t microvilli)
- Indistinct cell borders
- Few nuclei, basally located in a plane
- Eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm

Front 16

What kind of cells are these? How can you tell?

Back 16

Proximal Tubule cells:
- High cuboidal
- Occluded lumen (d/t long microvilli / brush border)
- Indistinct cell borders (b/c lateral walls highly inter-digitated)
- Few nuclei, basally located in a plane (b/c large cells)
- Eosinophilic, granular cytoplasm (d/t lots of mito and basal membrane infoldings)

Front 17

What is the function of the cells in the Proximal Tubule?

Back 17

- Passive reabsorption: Na+, Cl-, H2O
- Facilitated reabsorption: glucose, AA, proteins

Front 18

How does the number of Proximal Tubules compare to Distal Tubules in a given section? Why?

Back 18

More Proximal Tubules / section because DTs are shorter than PTs

Front 19

Distal Tubules:
- Epithelium?
- Lumen characteristics?
- Cell borders?
- Nuclei?
- Cytoplasm?

Back 19

- Low cuboidal epithelium
- Open, wide, smooth contouring lumen
- Indistinct cell borders
- Many, centrally located nuclei
- Pale cytoplasm

Front 20

What kind of cells are these? How can you tell?

Back 20

Distal Tubules:
- Low cuboidal epithelium
- Open, wide, smooth contouring lumen (no brush border)
- Indistinct cell borders (d/t extensive inter-digitations)
- Many, centrally located nuclei (smaller cells, so more likely to have nuclei in section)
- Pale cytoplasm

Front 21

What is the function of the cells in the Distal Tubule?

Back 21

Resorption of Cl- and Na+

Front 22

What kind of cells are circled? How can you tell?

Back 22

Macula Densa of Distal Tubule
- Forms a disk of tightly packed columnar cells in the region of the vascular pole

Front 23

What is the function of the Macula Densa (circled)?

Back 23

Monitors Na+ concentration and volume of the ultra-filtrate

Front 24

What larger structure is the Macula Densa apart of that includes specialized cells in a portion of the afferent arteriole?

Back 24

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Front 25

What is the secretory product of the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus cells of the Afferent Arteriole?

Back 25

Renin

Front 26

In what part of the kidney do the thick descending limbs of the Loop of Henle descend?

Back 26

Within Medullary Rays into the Medulla

Front 27

Loop of Henle:
- Epithelium?

Back 27

- Thick part is cuboidal
- Thin part is squamous

Front 28

What kind of cells are these? How can you tell?

Back 28

Thin part of Loop of Henle:
- Tubules lined by simple squamous epithelium, lacking RBCs
(Tubules lined by simple squamous epithelium w/ RBCs in their lumens are capillaries)

Front 29

Collecting Duct:
- Epithelium?
- Lumen characteristics?
- Cell borders?
- Nuclei?
- Cytoplasm?

Back 29

- Cuboidal to Columnar epithelium
- Open, scalloped edge lumen because cells bulge inwards
- Distinct cell borders
- Many, centrally located nuclei
- Pale cytoplasm

Front 30

What kind of cells are these? How can you tell?

Back 30

Collecting Duct:
- Cuboidal to Columnar epithelium
- Open, scalloped edge lumen because cells bulge inwards
- Distinct cell borders
- Many, centrally located nuclei
- Pale cytoplasm

Front 31

What makes up the stroma of the kidney?

Back 31

Primarily reticular fibers (although the stroma-supportive tissue is not as predominant as it is in other organs)

Front 32

What are the layers/tunics of the ureter? Inner to outer?

Back 32

- Mucosa - innermost
- Muscularis - middle
- Adventitia - outermost

Front 33

What layer of the ureter supports the epithelium?

Back 33

Lamina Propria / Mucosa

Front 34

What type of epithelium lines the lumen of the ureter?

Back 34

Transitional Epithelium

Front 35

What is layer A?

Back 35

Adventitia (outermost tunic) of ureter

Front 36

What is layer B?

Back 36

Muscularis (circular)

Front 37

What is layer C?

Back 37

Muscularis (longitudinal)

Front 38

What is layer D?

Back 38

Mucosa

Front 39

How are the layers of the smooth muscle arranged in the muscularis layer of the ureter?

Back 39

Upper 2/3 of ureter:
- Inner layer is longitudinal muscle
- Outer layer is circular muscle

Front 40

How does the organization of the muscle in the muscularis layer of the ureter compare to the organization in the GI?

Back 40

It is opposite, in the ureter:
- Inner layer is longitudinal muscle
- Outer layer is circular muscle

Front 41

What are the layers/tunics of the bladder wall?

Back 41

- Mucosa (inner)
- Muscularis (middle)
- Adventitia (outer)

Front 42

What type of epithelium lines the lumen of the bladder?

Back 42

Transitional Endothelium (Urothelium)

Front 43

What are the components of the Tunica Mucosa in the Urinary Bladder?

Back 43

- Transitional epithelium (urothelium)
- Underlying lamina propria (mostly fibrous CT)

Front 44

What kind of fibers are found within the lamina propria and muscularis of the bladder wall?

Back 44

Elastin - refractile, pink staining fibers (they are much more coarse in the muscularis)

Front 45

What layers of the bladder contain Elastin?

Back 45

Lamina Propria and Muscularis (musch more coarse in Muscularis)

Front 46

When fixed, this bladder was in what state?

Back 46

Relaxed

Front 47

Because the bladder is a saccular organ, how many layers does it have in the smooth muscle wall?

Back 47

3

Front 48

How common is urinary bladder cancer?

Back 48

4th most common tumor in men and 8th most common tumor in women

Front 49

What is a common presenting symptom of bladder cancer?

Back 49

Gross, painless hematuria (90%)

Front 50

Approximately 95% of bladder cancers arise from what cell type?

Back 50

Transitional Cell (Urothelial) Carcinoma