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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dark Ages
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renaissance perception of the middle ages, considered it a time of ignorance
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Renaissance
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the intellectual and artistic rebirth that occurred in the 15th century
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Humanism
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largest and most central ren. movement
revolved around classical knowledge, secularism, individualism, the pursuit of knowledge, patronage of the arts, and the devlopement of political theory |
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Secularism
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focuses on enjoying life and worldy pleasures
disagreed w/ dark aged focus on the church and religious dogma people began throwing parties just for fun, used art to brag/emphasize human nature |
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Individualism
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condemned conformation, promoted uniqueness
resulted in popularization of portraits, devlopement of big egos among the middle class |
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Renaissance Pursuit of Knowledge
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scholars sought knowledge to gain understanding of this world, not the afterlife
increased interest in the humanities |
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Humanities
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history, literature, art, philosophy
known today as "the arts," focused on the aspects of the ideology for which it is named |
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Subject Matter
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the topic depicted in a piece of art
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Judeo-Christian Art
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art whose subject matter pertains to religion or the church
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Classical Art
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art whose subject matter pertains to greek and roman history, myths, ideals, and styles
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Art About Everyday Life
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art whose subject matter pertains to average people and their lives, depicting farming, parties, and portraits
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Style
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the way a work of art looks
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Realism
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art that looks realistic and life-like
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Idealism
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art that is made to look unnaturally "perfect", removed undesirable traits, had great symbollic value in paintings
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Mannerism
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aka "anti-renaissance"
art that uses colors to show emotion, lots of symbolism doesn't agree w/ relaism or idealism |
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Technique
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how a work of art is created
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Single Point Perspective
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used to accurately depict 3D things in art by making all objects recede to a single point in the horizon
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Chiaroscuro
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art technique that incolves using shading and light/dark contrast to give the illusion of depth
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Madonna
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any art that depicts Mary w/ baby Jesus
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Pietá
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aka Mater Dolerosa, any art that depicts Mary w/ the dead Jesus
puts more emphasis on Mary, shows her strength and courage despite her grief |
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Classical Revival
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renewal of interest in greek and roman knowledge
scholars recovered classical writings and philosophy artists began imitating classical sculpture |
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Bourgeoisie
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european middle class, underwent huge expansion w/ the revival of trade and growth of towns
played key role in renaissance, helped spread art through europe |
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Italian Renaissance
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occurred in Italy, first in europe to go through the "rebirth"
feudalism died early in Italy, Italians monopolized banking, became rich from trade w/ the east after the crusades, and fought of German Frederick Barbarrossa |
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Renaissance Patrons
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those who comissioned artists
fostered the rise and spread of humanists, art was used to show the importance of those who comissioned it |
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The Medici Family
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the unofficial ruling family of Florence, ruled through intermarriage and by helping the poor/middle class
comissioned lots of art, helped spread the influence of early ren. artists |
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Lorenzo the Magnificent
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greatest Medici leader, consolidated power, comissioned young artists like Botticelli, Da Vinci, and Michelangelo
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Savanarola
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christian fanatic that opposed humanist ideals b/c he thought they promoted sins
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Scholastics
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early medieval philosophers
also used classical knowledge, but used it differently than the humanists promoted pure logic and science |
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Frencesco Petrarca
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aka "father of Humanism"
rejected unrealistic ideals of chivalry invented the sonnet, new form of poetry wanted to be famous, ignored strict Christian limitations condemned cold logic of Scholastics emphasized all things human through his poems about his unrequited love for Laura |
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Giovanni Boccaccion
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early Humanist, wrote poetry and romances
learned Greek, made a classical encyclopedia |
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Decameron
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written by Boccaccion about people escaping the Black Death
satirized knights and chivalry, opposed feudalism |
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Civic Humanism
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educational program for Italian leaders, taught only relevant and useful aspects of classical knowledge
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Platonic Revival
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Plato's philosophy became popularized aover time
Humanists preferred Plato's work to Aristotle's work |
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Cosimo de Medici
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ren. patron, made the Platonic Academy
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Marsilio Ficino
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lead the Platonic Academy
made first complete Latin translation of Plato's works |
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Pico della Mirandola
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Ficino's disciple, claimed to know "everything" when he was only 23
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Oration of the Dignity of Man
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speech written by Mirandola, famous for it's high praise and glorification of man
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Aristotelianism
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focused on science, logic and metaphysics
allowed scientific thought and experimentalism to flourish |
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Averroists
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Aristotelians that followed the Muslim philosopher Averoës
believed that matter is eternal, denied immortality |
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Uomo Universale
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aka the "complete man"
ren. ideal, someone w/ well-rounded knowledge, good social skills, and a good personality put strength of character > inherited social class stressed greco-roman excersize for physical balance |
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Gothic Art
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realistic paintings and sculptures
architecture had high domes supported by buttresses |
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Giotto
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Florentine painer, master of transitional period
made life-like paintings, looked 3D emphasized piety, appreciated everyday life |
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St. Francis Altarpieces
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painted by Giotto in St. Francis cathedral
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Quattrocenta
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Italian for "400", abbreviation for the 1400s
time of revitalization of painting under Giotto |
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Massacio
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Quattrocenta painter, perfected Giotto's technique
mastered perspective, first to paint nude figures inspired large-scale pursuit of realism |
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Expulsion From Eden
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painted by Massacio, very realistic, depcits Adam and Eve leaving Paradise, and their human emotions
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Andrea Mantegna
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perfected drawing perspective, drew portraits to show the self-importance of the elite
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Pierro della Francesca
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painted scientifically, neglected emotion in favor of mathematical precision
resembles modern abstract painting |
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Sandro Botticelli
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unconventional artist
fused christianity w/ pagan myths last great Florentine painter of the early ren. |
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Birth of Venus
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painting by Botticelli, combined roman goddess w/ religious imagery
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Lorenzo Ghiberti
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tried to imitate nature in his sculptures
ressurrected roman sculpture |
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Gates of Paradise
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Florentine church doors made by Ghiberti
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Donatello
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made freestanding bronze sculptures, new technology
recognized human body's muscle and bone structures, made nude sculptures based on them |
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David
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bronze sculpture by Donatello
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Andrea del Verrocchio
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teacher of Leonardo da Vinci
showed supreme self-confidence in his sculptures |
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Bartolomeo Colleoni
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statue by Verrocchio, shows a general on his horse
the sculptor was so skilled that he could make one of the horse's legs stand unsupported above the ground |
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Filippo Brunelleschi
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mastered classical architecture
used arcades of roman arches, pediments, and columns made the first domes since roman times |
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High Renaissance
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the time when painting, sculpture, and architecture all reached their height
center of art moved from Florence to Rome b/c papal patrons were rich |
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Donato Bramante
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ren. architect, teacher of Michelangelo
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St. Peter's Basillica
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started by Bramante, who replaced the old Constantine dome with a huge greek cross covered by a new dome
Bramante died before completion, left it to Michelangelo to finish |
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Leonardo da Vinci
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excelled in EVERYTHING that was intellectual
most of his projects were unfinished skilled at painting human emotion, portrayed the "intention of the soul" |
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Some of da Vinci's Works:
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Mona Lisa
Last Supper Vitruvian Man |
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Raphael
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used styles of da Vinci and Michelangelo
perfected design and balanced compostion in his paintings drew many portraits of Madonna |
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Michelangelo Buonarrot
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like da Vinci, was a genius
embodies the superhuman ideal in his art and in himself used body language to show the attitude of his figures greatest ren. sculptor glorified the human body via nude paintings, idealized human dignity and majesty |
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Some of Michelangelo's Works:
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St. Peter's Basillica
Ceiling of the Vatican's Sistine Chapel Creation of Adam David |
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Italian Wars
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sparked in 1494 between France and Spain
1527, Rome was sacked, altered the artistic point of view |
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Venice
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became center of ren. art after the sack of Rome
focused on colors and light in paintings |
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Giorgione
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like Boticelli, rejected Quattrocento ideals
paintings had lyrical grace, told no story, the viewer had to interpret it |
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Giorgionesque
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style of dreamy relaxation in paintings in Venice
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Titian
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made sexually-oriented nude models
robust, was aware of the world around him focused on light and color |
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Parmigianino
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paintings have no conventional logic or order
rejects natural order of things |
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Madonna w/ the Long Neck
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painting by Parmigianino, displayed Mannerist ideals
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Tintoretto
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artist who replaced the balance, harmony, and idealism of the High Ren. w/ dramatic, sharp contrasts between light and color
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Abduction of the Body of St. Mark
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painted by Tintoretto, depicts 3 Venetians stealing the body of St. Mark, dark reality
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Benvenuto Cellini
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bragged about his sins, rejected artistic and moral standards
Mannerist sculptor, his statues and his Autobiography reflected the violent and corrupt society he lived in |
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Jesuit Style
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named after the order that first sponsored it in the church of Rome
architecture manipulated classical techniques for anticlassical effects |
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Polyphony
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the use of many voices in music, was used mainly in the later Medieval period
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Musical Counterpoint
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exchange between 2 melodies in music, used in later Medieval times and during the ren.
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Paper and Block Printing
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brought from China by the Muslims, who later brought it to Europe via the Moors
allowed books to be mass-produced and cheaper |
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Johann Gutenberg
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German printer, created first movable printing press to be more efficient
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Desiderius Erasmus
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father of the northern ren. appreciated early christian writings
killed Latin, tried to change it too drastically accused the church of straying too far from its early ideals imposes his individuality |
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The Praise of Folly
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written by Erasmus, satirized his contemporaries
criticized merchants, lawyers, Scholastics, scientists, and the clergy |
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Northern Renaissance
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northerners were realists, tried to reform the corruption of the world
broadened intellectual scope to include early christian writings made new and more accurate versions of the scriptures valued morality and rational piety > ceremony and dogma |
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Sir Thomas Moore
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English humanist and realist, challenged the political order of his time
was beheaded by Henry VII b/c of his radical reforms |
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Utopia
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written by Moore to criticize gov't
wanted a commonwealth, condemned capitalism as the bane of the poor |
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François Rabelais
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wrote w/ humor to satirize society
loved all aspects of life, famous French humanist |
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Gargantua and Pantagruel
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by Rabelais about 2 giants
encouraged educational reform, and valued human nature's inherent goodness challenged the abuses of the church, condemned hypocrisy |
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Ulrich von Hutten
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german humanist, combined religious reform w. patriotism
wanted to unite Germany under an empire, oppossed the corrupt papacy |
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Michel de Montaigne
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french skeptic, first to develope the essay
advocated open-mindedness and tolerance |
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Miguel de Cervantes
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wrote Don Quixote
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Don Quixote de la Mancha
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satirized chivalric ideals,the title character clings to his old ways to the point of self-detriment
recognizes that people must compromise between ideals and reality |
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Commedia Dell'arte
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dramas about everyday life that used vulgar humor
resulted in the contruction of new theaters |
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Queen Elizabeth I
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ruler of England during the climax of the english ren., was a patron of the arts
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William Shakespeare
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supreme figure in western literature
combined rich vocabulary, poetic eloquence, and imagination wrote famous plays that devloped deep, relatable human characters addressed universal truths |
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Some of Shakespeare's Works:
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A Midsummer Night's Dream
Romeo and Juliet Othello Macbeth Hamlet |
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Jan van Eyck
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northern artist, painted realistically
perfected oil painting, which allowed for greater detail |
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Albrecht Dürer
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first german painter to be influenced by italian art
blended the old and the new made many engravings and woodcuts created "Knight, Death and the Devil" |
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Hans Holbein the Younger
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german painter, drew portraits w/ realism and dignity
drew the "Garden of Delight" |
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Pieter Brueghel the Elder
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retained strong Flemish influence in his art
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