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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Guild
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group of business associations of merchants, artists, bankers, and professionals
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4 types of Guild controls
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Price, Wage, Quality, and advertising
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Most powerful guild
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merchant
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Charters
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written document that set the rights of a town
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Establishment of a middle class was due to
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growth of towns (merchants)
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First two contries to develop unified governments
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Europe and France
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In the 800's _______________ arrived
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Vikings
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King Alfred the Great
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Only anglo-saxon king able to stop the vikings
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Usury
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lending money with interest
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King Canute (viking from norway)
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conquered England. He joined the Anglo-Saxons and the Vikings.
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King Edward the confessor
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was a king but died in 1066 without a heir
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William the duke of normandy (France)
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invaded england with a norman army and began the baattle of hastings in 1066
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Battle of Hastings
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William x Harold Godwinson
Normans x Anglo-Saxons Harold was killed with a arrow in his eyes and William took the throne |
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Bayeux Tapestry
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Depicts events that led to the Norman conquest of England
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William the Conqueror
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Takes about 1/5 of England to himself.
Granted lands to lords who helped him |
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Domesday Book
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William's records of all lands in England
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King Henry II
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Married to Eleanor of Aquitane
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Juries and Common Law
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Were introduced by Henry the II
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Rulings of judges became known as
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Common law
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King Richard the Lionhearted
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Won the third crusade
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Magna Carta
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Forcely signed by King John in 1215
Guaranteed certain political rights |
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Magna Carta's political rights
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No tax without representation
right to a jury trial protection of the law |
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Model Parliament
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1st parliament under Edward the 1st
Meeting of the knights, burgesses, bishops, and lords |
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House of Commons
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group of knights and burgesses
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House of Lords
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group of Nobles and Bishops
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Sculptures, wood carbings
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Gothic
Tell bible stories |
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Spires
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Gothic
Tall, redirect to heaven |
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Vaults
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Gothic
aimed to heaven support weight |
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Buttress
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Gothic
support heavy walls |
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Arches
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Gothic
toward heaven |
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Overall size
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Very large to reflect power and wealthof church
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Windows
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stained glass
large depict bible stories |
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Gargoyles
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scare evil spirits
water dreinage |
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Pope Urban II
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Call to the Crudade
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First crusade (1096-1099)
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unprepared, but captured Jerusalem
created four crusade states only successful crusade (only that reached the Holy Land) |
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Second Crusade (1147-1149)
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Response to the fall of edessa (one of the crusade state)
Armies led by French and German leaders were both defeated by Muslim armies |
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Third Crusade (1189-1192)
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Led by Richard the Lionhearted
Barbarossa drowned Truce in 1192 between Saladin (muslim warrior) and Richard |
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Fourth Crusade 1201-1204
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Supported by venice
Sacked constantinople Showed that the crusades were not purely religious |
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Rest of crusades 1218-1270
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four more unsuccessful crusades
children's crusades Christian attacks Orthodox |
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Impact of the Crusades
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Increase trade and technology
increase king's powers decrease church's powers End of feudalism |
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Black Death path
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bubonic bacteria -> rat -> flea -> human
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Black Death
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Spread from Asia to Europe
Started in Sicily and spread north Killed quickly - 1/3 of Europe Everyday life broke down Economy broke down People moved to the country side Jew persecution Weakens church Priests abandoned church |
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Capetian Dynasty
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Hugh Capet takes throne and starts a dynasty
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King Phillip II
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Phillip Augustus
unifies france creates a strong monarchy tripled the territory's size made himself most powerful man in france |
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King Louis IX
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religious and saintly
created french appeals court which strenghtened monarchy and weakened feaudal ties |
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King Phillip IV
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quarrels with pope (pope coundnt control church affairs)
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Estates-General
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Metting beteween these niggas
Church leaders- 1st estate Lords - 2nd estate under Phillip IV, 3rd estate = commoners, wealthy landholders and merchants Less powerful than Parliaments |
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England and France start to develop democracy
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Centralized governments
common law court system include commoners in decision making processes |
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Spanish Reconquista
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Ferdinand and Isabella
Drove the Muslims and Jews out of Spain (negative effect in economy) Used Inquisition to unify spain under Christianism |
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Inquisition
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court to determine heresy (anyone whose beliefs differed from christian)
Tortured people who they believed didnt convert |
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Pope Boniface VII
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Held prisioner by King Phillip IV after trying to imply rules over him
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Avignon
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Phillip moved papal capital from Rome to Avignon (weakens church)
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Pope Gregory XI
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Died while visiting Rome
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Great Schism
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After confusion between the Cardinal's choices, each pope declared each other false popes
Split in church |
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End of schism
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3 popes at the time
Chose Martin V and ended the split schism weakened pope |
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Scholars challenged church
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John Wycliffe and Jan hus weakened pope
Said that: Jesus was head of church, not the pope Clergy should not be wealthy Bible, not the pope, is the final authority |
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Hundred Years' war
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England x France
Edward II claimed french crown chivalry used until longbows Battle of Agincourt (English won) |
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Joan of Arc
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peasant girl, felt moved by god to save france from england
Led the french to a series of victories France won the War and Charles VII was crowned She was captured and burned at the stake (witch) |
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Impacts of the Hundred Years' war
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Both France and England:
nationalism king as national leader french monarch power and prestige increased English War of Roses |
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End of Middle Ages
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Hundred Years' war
Black death Great schism |
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Renaissance in Italy
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Thriving Urban Centers
Wealthy Merchants Classical heritage of Greece and Rome Florence, Venice and Genoa |
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Humanism
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Celebrated individual achievements
Classical greek and roman literature and culture secularism (all non religious=worldly ideas) |
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Medieval universities
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Law, medicine, theology, and liberal arts
no women -> limited opportunity spread of new ideas |
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Aristotle
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Greek
Muslim (arabic) and Jewish (latin) scholars translated Aristotle Emphasis on reasoning |
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Thomas Aquinas
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studied christianity, aristotle and muslim philosophers
scholasticism summa theologica (book) |
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Math and Science
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Studied Greek and Arabic scholars
little progress in math and science (must fit church's teachings) adopted hindu arabic numerals |
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Medieval Literature
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Medieval life, values, and the importance of christianity
use of vernacular (local language) |
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Scholasticism
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Christian Faith + Greek Philosophy (reason)
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Medici Family
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Florence
Banking family Politics Patrons of arts |
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Castiglione
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Italy
Author of The Courtier (perfect man cant only be a cavaleiro, has to have classical education) |
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Petrarch
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Italy
Father of renaissance and humanism Poet: wrote sonnets in italian and latin |
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Raphael
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Italy
Perspective School of Athens |
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Michelangelo
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Italy
renaissance man Painter, sculptor, architect and poet David and Sistine Chapel |
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Leonardo da Vinci
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Italy
Renaissance man Painter, sculptor, inventor, and scientist Mona Lisa and The last Supper |
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Machiavelli
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Italy
Wrote the Prince Explains how a ruler can gain and keep power (the end justifies the means) |
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Van Eyck and Bruegel
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Flanders (Belgium)
Van Eyck- oil paints, Arnolfini Marriage Bruegel - Everyday life, real colors (WHITE) |
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Durer
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Germany
Realism and religious themes - elevated status of artists |
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Shakespeare
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England
Poet and Play writer |
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More
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England
Utopia |
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Erasmus
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Holland
In Praise of Folly, a satire (book) Wanted people to study the bible |
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Gutenberg
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Germany
Printing press Printed the Gutenberg bible |
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Renaissance Art
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Classical Culture (Greece and Rome)
Biblical/Religious theme Wealthy merchant Landscapes Perspective Personality, and achievement Everyday life/people Symmetry glorifies human body natural posture/expression shading 3D oil paint |
