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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Epistemology |
Study of Knowledge |
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Empiricism |
Knowledge from Experiences |
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Rationalism |
Knowledge derived from understanding |
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Intuitive |
Self-Referential |
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Hermeneutics |
Science of Interpretation |
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Critical Hermeneutics |
Constantly question the assumptions of the author |
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Nietzsche's Maxim |
Courageis not the courage of our convictions, but rather the courage to question ourconvictions
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Functionalist |
Approaches religion in terms of how it functions |
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Substantive |
Examines the substance or ineffable essence of religion. Associated with the words supernatural or spiritual |
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Theoretical |
What is thought, said, stories, doctrines, myths |
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Practical |
What is done, rituals, techniques of worship |
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Sociological |
Types of groups, interpersonal relationships, and group psycology of religion |
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Joachim Wach |
Study religion by exploring the varieties of its expression |
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Jonathan Z Smith - Religion, Religions, Religious |
Religion as a social/historical construct Defined many different ways Term created by scholars for their intellectual purpose Scholars must recognize this idea when they are doing research |
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Origins of the Word Religion |
Religare - To tie or bind in Latin, relations of obligation and origin |
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Religion and "Sacred" |
Religionis about what people hold sacred. To say that something is sacred is to say that it matters more than anythingelse And what typically matters most to people is how to answer the questionof mortality, morality, and meaning. |
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Myth |
A symbolic story about the origins and destiny of human beings and their world
Relates them to whatever powers they believe ultimately govern their destiny and explains to them what these powers expect of them. |
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Ritual |
Thesymbolic re-enactment of myth which secures the sacred meanings throughhistory.
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Sacred Order of Society |
Determines the meaning of life, death, and human destiny Shaped and maintained by adhering to the ethical and moral claims of a society Morality is a matter of custom Must remain unquestioned Religion affirms and revitalizes the sacred order of society |
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Indigenous Traditions |
Patterning social and political activities after the ways of animals and movements of nature Participation: The quality of life of both humans and non-humans are intertwined
Unity of Life: All creation is connected by an underlining spiritual force (the Creator), which an be accessed at sacred places. Seven Teachings: wisdom, love, respect, bravery, honesty, humility, truth. Ethical system sustained through reverence for ways of ancestors and participation in sacred ways of nature. |
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Daoism |
Based on teachings of Laozi Live in harmony with the Dao and Nature to cultivate spirituality Dao = the way Yin/ Yang, Qi Non-Action, path or least resistance |
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Confucianism |
Based on teachings of Confucius Moral character and relationships Harmony of Tian (heaven/divine), earth, and humanity Goodness and rital Rites must be performed with the proper attitude/ intention |
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Hinduism |
Diverse set of beliefs from India Brahman is God Dharma - duty that supports cosmic order Karma - cosmic law of justice Moksha - liberation from cycle of rebirth Compassion for all beings because of moksha and karma |
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Buddhism |
Born a prince in India Suffering, impermanence, no-soul Four Noble Truths Meditation No separate "self" |
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Four Noble Truths |
1. The truth of suffering;
2. The truth of origin/cause of suffering is thirst (craving/desire); 3. The truth of overcoming of suffering by the cessation of thirst; 4. The true path leading to cessation of suffering is Noble Eightfold Path. |
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Judaism |
Monotheistic Tradition Torah Descendants of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob Covenant Ten Commandments |
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Christianity |
Defined by a belief in Jesus as the son of God and saviour of humanity Creation and Original Sin All-embracing love, selflessness Love god and your neighbour Humility and obedience |
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Islam |
Means "submission" Quran - revealed by God to Muhammad Muhammad is a prophet to calls humanity to submit to God (Allah) Sharia - Gods Law, based on Quran, Hadith, and Ulama Five Pillars |
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Hadith |
Stories of Muhammad |
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Ulama |
Religious leaders and scholars in Islam |
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Five Pillars of Islam |
1.Shahada (confession:) To declare, or bearwitness, that there is no God except God, and that Muhammad is the Messenger ofGod;
2. To establish regular worship; (fivetimes a day); 3. To paythe zakat alms; 4. To observethe fast of Ramadan; 5.Toperform the hajj pilgrimage. |
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Morality |
A formal system meant to generate co-operative behaviour and regulate interpersonal social relations through practical action guidance and conflict resolution.
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Ethics |
The systematic study of morality; the study of concepts and theoretical justification involved in practical reasoning or reasoning meant to be applied to govern individual behavior.
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Bioethics |
The study of (1) the theoretical foundation of rights and obligations in heath care relationships between various types of health care professionals (HCPs) and the patient or research participant, and (2) the practical moral issues arising within these relationships.
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Five Dimensions of Ethics |
1. The Descriptive dimension: “what is going on?”
2. The Normative dimension: “What norms and values ought to guide human life?” 3. The Practical dimension: “what ought I or we to do?” 4. The Fundamental dimension: “what does it mean to be a moral agent within the wider compass of reality?” This is a question of agency = a being with reason and will who can act intentionally, bring about changes in reality, others, and the agent’s self, and have accountability for actions imputed and/or ascribed to him or her. 5. The Metaethical dimension: “how do you determine the validity of a moral outlook?” |
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Purpose of Morality |
1) generating co-operative behaviour;
2) regulating interpersonal relations in such a way as to achieve that purpose. Foundation for laws and human rights |
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Subjectivism |
The belief that an individual justifies actions according to her conscience because all individuals are equally right or wrong
The majority decides what is morally correct, and thus there is no objectively true moral rule or system of rules that applies to all. Raises the problem of moral unpredictability and conflict resolution. |
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Objectivism |
The belief that moral truths exist independently of human knowledge.
Raises the problem of justifying the authority of objective moralism. Rationalism? Logic? |
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Normative Ethics |
Develop theories that systemize moral expectations and explain how a living moral tradition can be understood as a consistent system of moral requirements.
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Deontological Theory |
Presents normative ethics as a system of rules/duties. Gives less attention to consequences and focus more on choices and actions when deciding the right thing to do.
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Teleological Theory |
Focuses the decision about whether an act is right or wrong on the result which it is intended to achieve. How ethics contribute to a goal, rather than conform to a rule or commandment
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Immanuel Kant |
Enlightenment thinker Universal moral law which he calls the Categorical Imperative Only free decisions can be evaluated as moral Treat humanity as an ends and never a means Dont do to others what you wouldnt want done to you |
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Kant on Ethics and Religion |
Theconcept of God becomes meaningful to us only through morality, that is, throughthe lived (practical) experience of the moral life.
Thus, to be religious is not to assent tocertain truths but to direct one’s life in a moral way. Moralfaith is the essence of religion and god is experienced as a dimension of moralaction. |
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Aristotle |
Teachings emphasize observational method Practical ethics, what is it to be a good person? Goal is Eudaimonia (flourishing or well-being) Must be sought for owns sake Rationality to access the Good |
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Utilitarianism |
Consequence-basedtheory inwhich moral justification is determined by the outcome of theactions
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Jeremy Bentham |
Utilitarian, people seek pleasure and avoid pain |
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John Stuart Mill |
Refines theory to emphasize quality of pleasures over quantity of pleasures. Motive/ intention has nothing to do with morality of action |
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Carol Gilligan |
Ethics of Care Theory used to guide actions and resolve conflict Minimize/ avoid harm Maintain, protect, create positive relations More dependent a person is the more consideration the must be given in moral dilemma This idea of vulnerability make her theory appropriate in healthcare situations |
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History of Religion/ Bioethics and Scholars |
Began in religion but has faded Early 1970s as a discipline Richard McCormick - Natural Law as a bridge, situational |
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And Let Us Make a Name |
‘‘Religion and health’’ implies a connection between religious identity and practice and the physical and mental health status of people and populations.
‘‘Spirituality and healing’’ implies a connection between the extent of one’s piety or adherence to a normative path of religious growth and the curing of or recovery from disease. ‘‘Theology and medicine’’ implies a connection between our understandings of the nature of God and the human spirit, on the one hand, and the institution of medicine, the healing arts, and human well-being, on the other. The future field of religion and health would benefit from a more multidisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary approach. |
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Four Principles of Biomedical Ethics |
1. Respect for autonomy: respecting the decision-making capacities of autonomous persons; enabling individuals to make reasoned informed choices.
2. Beneficence: this considers the balancing of benefits of treatment against the risks and costs; the healthcare professional should act in a way that benefits the patient. 3. Non maleficence: avoiding the causation of harm; the healthcare professional should not harm the patient. All treatment involves some harm, even if minimal, but the harm should not be disproportionate to the benefits of treatment. 4. Justice: distributing benefits, risks and costs fairly; the notion that patients in similar positions should be treated in a similar manner. |
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Criteria for Consent |
1. Disclosure of relevant information;
2. Comprehension; 3. Voluntariness; 4.Competence; 5. Consent (actively accept or refuse treatment). |
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Criteria for Autonomy |
1.Rationalcompetence;
2.capable of reasonable choice; 3.Access to adequateinformation; 4. freefrom coercion. |
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Feminist Autonomy |
Calls for wider notion of autonomy (self-governance) that can distinguish autonomous behavior from acts of rational agency (the making of a choice). Thus, this approach directs our attention to the conditions that shape an agent’s choice and it makes those conditions the basis of critical analysis.
Feminist theory suggests cultivating a relational interpretation of autonomy that contests the enlightenment notion that we are independent, self-interested, self-sufficient, isolated social units. |
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Multicultural Autonomy |
To judge foreign beliefs and practices as irrational or immoral and dismiss them in order to implement western standards can be considered an act of ethical imperialism.
HCPs must be reflexive about how their own cultural assumptions shape the way they treat patients in light of our shared vulnerabilities (ethics of care), while at the same time ensuring the health/well-being of the patient remains the ultimate priority. |
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Relational Autonomy |
Relationality claims that allpersons are socially constructed and embedded in anetwork of social and political relationships of mutual dependence. Relationalautonomy is not just about being offered a choice, but ensuring that everyperson has theopportunity todevelop the skills necessary formaking the type of choice in question. |
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Secular Reasons for Limiting Religion & Medicine |
1. Violence: important to avoid violence of religiously inspired conflict. How is link of religion and violence different from link between violence and socioeconomic conditions?2.Authoritarianism: religious truth based on unquestioned sacred texts and are thus exclusionary = unable to be flexible about hard ethical questions. Is it not possible to balance core religious beliefs of the transcendent with the transient concerns of public health issues? 3.Accessibility: religious beliefs and morals are not accessible to nonbelievers and thus prevents public discussion and political consensus. Any ideological conviction pushed to the extreme will prove exclusionary.
4.Religion is not shared: this position assumes that secularity is neutral, but it is not. 5. Religion is divisive: restricting religious participation will not end the reality that people bring their ideological convictions to the political sphere. |
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Women's Abortion Moral Status |
She is entitled to privacy, self-determination and non-maleficence
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3 Abortion Positions |
Conservative (priority to conserve life)
Moderate (permit abortion when women’s life is in jeopardy) Liberal (women’s choice). |
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Judaism and Abortion |
If pregnant women’s health is in jeopardy then abortion is mandated and framed as act of defense.
Fetus is part of body of woman and thus does not have equal moral claim as woman, not ensouled until birth Moderate |
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Catholicism and Abortion |
The purpose of sex is procreation through the sacramentof marriage and carnal pleasure is generally considered sinful
Abortion sin against life Originally soul from 40days-5th month,19th C. from contraception Conservative |
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Protestantism and Abortion |
Family as basic unit of society 1970s support woman's decision because each person is responsible to God Respect for female agency Liberal |
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Islam and Abortion |
Classical Islam - Abortion up until 120 days Male-centered norms marginalize women's agency to choose Family planning as lack of trust in God Modern Islam - Generally disapproves because undermines sanctity of life/ respect for the potential Conservative |
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Hinduism and Abortion |
Widely practiced in classical era of Hinduism Marriage is to create family Contraception is a divine act so some aversion Fetus distinct from woman Permitted if life in Jeopardy Moderate |
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Buddhism and Abortion |
Marriage intended to deal with sexual cravings preventing enlightenment Life begins at contraception and abortion is seen as murder Person waiting to be born transfers energy to fetus waiting to be born again Bad karma, less if with good intent Conservative |
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Chinese Traditions and Abortion |
Confucianism evasive about sex outside of marriage but Daoism celebrates it for fun, birth, health, immortality Ancestor worship and son preference make line blurry Unborn, not complete human Abortion allowed if it profits the family Moderate |
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Indigenous Traditions and Abortion |
Feminine virginity highly valued Abortion has always been practiced and women made calls about family planning, abortion, contraception Domain of woman to make the call Liberal |
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History of Abortion |
Illegal during 19th C. with threat of death penalty 1969, decriminalized 1988, supreme court ruled it legal |
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Contemporary Views of Abortion |
6/10 say human life should recieve legal protection some time prior to birth 7/10 think it should be legal in the first trimester Ontario has both religious protections for patients and doctors |
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Future like ours theory |
underscores the sanctity of life and frames killing as immoral because it deprives of future potential, innocent being must be protected
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