Rels 110 Final Exam

Front 1

Meaning of "Yom Kippur"

Back 1

"Day of Atonement" (last day of the Holy High Days)

Front 2

The three practices of Yom Kippur:

Back 2

1. Worship services
2. Praying for forgiveness
3. Fasting

Front 3

What does the Sundance of the Sioux symbolize?

Back 3

The interconnectedness of all things

Front 4

Two examples of the importance of animals in the Sundance of the Sioux:

Back 4

1. the eagle carries people's prayers up into the heavens
2. the buffalo originally taught this dance to the tribe

Front 5

Why do those who do the Sundance of the Sioux engage in self-torture?

Back 5

It symbolizes moving from death into the next stage of life

Front 6

What is Tenrikyo?

Back 6

-Japanese New Religion (branch of Shinto)
-belief in kami
-no belief in an afterlife
-healing by faith

Front 7

Founder of Tenrikyo? (+ date)

Back 7

Miki Nakayama (19th century)
-kami revealed the truth to her

Front 8

Who is Mary Baker Eddy? (+ date)

Back 8

Founder of Christian Science (19th century)

Front 9

Islam & Women:
How does salat differ for women?

Back 9

1. female leadership
2. place of mosques
3. recent challenges to tradition

Front 10

Define polygyny ... is it commonly practiced?

Back 10

having multiple spouses (of either gender) ... no! but does occur in U.S. and is disapproved of by most Muslims

Front 11

Feminist recontextualization of the Quran

Back 11

-there ARE some verses that are against women...
-...but only because 7th century Arabia was anti-women
-...so we don't need to follow these anymore

Front 12

What is the purpose of female genital mutilation?

Back 12

to prevent women from experiencing sexual pleasure, so that they will not be unfaithful

Front 13

How prevalent is FGM?

Back 13

100 million females worldwide

(UNICEF and other orgs activey working against the practice)

Front 14

Judaism & Women:
3 main branches of Judaism:

Back 14

1. Orthodox (most traditional)
2. Conservative (compromise)
3. Reform (most contemporary)

Front 15

Differing factors between the branches:

Back 15

-language of the services (Hebrew vs. vernacular)
-women allowed to be leaders
-men and women sitting together

Front 16

Examples of female inferiority in Orthodox Judaism:

Back 16

-Dress code = entire body covered + wigs so that men aren't seduced
-mehitzah = barrier between men and women during worship services
-minyan = required number of people to hold a Jewish service... 10 MEN
-men not allowed to hear a women's singing voice

Front 17

Date of first female ordination in Judaism?

Back 17

1970s

Front 18

Leader of Jewish Feminism?

Back 18

Judith Plaskow

Front 19

3 needs for Judaism (as described by Plaskow)

Back 19

1. recognize that women have been important throughout history
2. women must play more roles in services
3. more feminist midrash
(midrash = interpretation of the Tanakh)

Front 20

On Masculine Christianity:
Leading evangelical (+ date?)

Back 20

Billy Sunday (early 20th century)

Front 21

Major ideas of Masucline Christianity:

Back 21

1. Christian men must show courage and strength
2. This courage and strength is developed through SPORTS! (YMCA)
3. The Promise Keepers (1990s series of conferences) focused on fidelity and husbandry

Front 22

Major criticisms of Masculine Christianity:

Back 22

1. Attack on femininity
2. Overgeneralizes gender differences

Front 23

On Christianity & Women:
Ideas on Eve

Back 23

Eve = responsible for sin
...and thus, more evil than men

Front 24

Define complementarianism:

Back 24

the husband and wife mutually support each other, but the husband is the leader in the marriage

Front 25

Visual art in Judaism & Christianity:

Back 25

???

Front 26

Visual art in Islam:
Difference between Shia and Sunni beliefs?

Back 26

Sunni believe you CANNOT have images of Muhammad/God OR religious leaders ... Shia believe you CAN have pictures of religious leaders (but not of Mohammad/God)

Front 27

...so what CAN Muslims create images of?

Back 27

1. Images of paradise (heaven)
2. Calligraphy

Front 28

Basics of Buddhism:
Two main branches:

Back 28

Theravada and Mahayana

Front 29

Differences between the two branches of Buddhism:

Back 29

Geography: T in South and SE Asia; M in China, Korea and Japan
Number of Buddhas: T = ONE (Siddhartha Gautama), M = many many Buddhas
Ultimate Goal: T = arhat (achieving nirvana and ceasing to exist) M = bodhisattva (achieving nirvana then returning to earth to help others do the same)

Front 30

Three major forms of art in Buddhism:

Back 30

1. the Enso (circle the symbolizes nothingness and infinity)
2. Mudras (symbolic hand gestures)
3. the Mandala (geometric, tedious art created by Buddhist monks)

Front 31

On Judaism & Music:
Define cantillation:

Back 31

Chanting of the Tanakh

Front 32

2 forms of liturgical music in Judaism:

Back 32

1. Kol Nidre - a specific song sung at the beginning of Yom Kippur
2. Nigunim -a style of fast-paced, joyful music characterized by syllables instead of lyrics (Hasidic Jews)

Front 33

2 other forms of music in Judaism:

Back 33

1. klezmer - originally intended for Jewish weddings
2. hip hop - e.g., Matisyahu!

Front 34

On Music and Catholicism:
Define monophonic:

Back 34

music without harmony (vs. polyphonic)

Front 35

Gregorian chants?

Back 35

monophonic and liturgical, originally thought to have been written by Pope Gregory in 600 CE

Front 36

Second Vatican Council (+ date?)

Back 36

(1960s) major goal was to modernize church in 3 ways:
1. contemporary music
2. major liturgical decisions (language, involved congregation, modern instruments)

Front 37

On Music & Islam:

Back 37

???

Front 38

Christian hip hop:
3 major themes:

Back 38

1. Overcoming evil
2. Social justice
3. Relationship with Jesus

Front 39

Has Christian hip hop/rock achieved mainstream popularity?

Back 39

YES! e.g., Grits, Stryper, Kutless, Evanescence, DC Talk, Switchfoot, etc.

Front 40

Christian rock:
Father of?

Back 40

Larry Norman

Front 41

Major objections to Christian rock:

Back 41

1. poor quality music compared to mainstream rock
2. inappropriate type of music
3. compromised evangelism
4. back-masking lyrics
5. too much emphasis on performance
6. lyrics are too shallow or too focused on people

Front 42

3 possible relationships between religion and violence:

Back 42

1. prevention
2. silence
3. promotion (sanctified violence)

Front 43

Define Zionism:

Back 43

Desire for Israelites to regain their home land (aka Zion)

Front 44

2 events that led to establishment of the nation of Israel (+ date?)

Back 44

1. the Holocaust
2. 20th century
1948

Front 45

2 conflicts after 1948:

Back 45

1. Six-Day War (1967)
-Israel won
-Took over West Bank and Gaza strip
2. Oslo Accords (1980s)
-Israel promised to withdraw from WB and GS ... still have not completely done so

Front 46

On Violence & Hinduism:

Back 46

???

Front 47

On Violence & Christianity:
The Crusades:

Back 47

-series of military expeditions, European Christians vs. Muslims
-sanctioned by Pope
-1000-1500 CE
...... why?
1. Protect E. Christians from Muslim invasion
2. Reconquer the Holy Land

Front 48

The Inquisition:

Back 48

-an attempt by the Catholic Church to eliminate heresy (belief in something that is not an official teaching of the religion)
-16th century CE
-Spain
-many burnings at the stake, often with no evidence

Front 49

30 Years' War

Back 49

-Protestant vs. Catholics
-16th century CE

Front 50

Salem Witch Trials

Back 50

-colonial New England
-many women (some men) accused of witchcraft and killed immediately

Front 51

Christian pacifism
-Why?
-Two examples

Back 51

-interpretation of Jesus' teachings in Sermon on the Mount
-Mennonites and Quakers

Front 52

Criticisms of Christian pacifism:

Back 52

-no need to take Jesus' words so completely anti-violence
-complete pacifivism is impractical

Front 53

Just War Theory:
4 key principles

Back 53

1. Just Cause
2. Last Resort
3. Limited Objectives
4. Non-Combatant Immunity

Front 54

On Islam & Violence:
Early Muslim battles

Back 54

the Prophet Muhammad himself fought

Front 55

Conquests:

Back 55

Gave polytheists choice to convert to Islam or be killed

Front 56

Medieval Spain

Back 56

Jews, Christians and Muslims often lived together in peace ... but of course there were still conflicts

Front 57

Islamism

Back 57

E.g.) Al-Qaeda, the stereotyped group of Muslims that is characterized by violence

Front 58

Define jihad and two different forms:

Back 58

-"to strive," very simply in the Quran
-violent jihad known as the "lesser"
-defensive and offensive

Front 59

On Religion & Race:
3 main figures of the Nation of Islam:

Back 59

1. Elijah Muhammad - founder in early 20th century
2. Malcolm X - 1950s
3. Louis Farrakhan - current leader

Front 60

4 main beliefs of Nation of Islam:

Back 60

similar to mainstream Islam:
1. believs Quran is the revelation of God
2. pray salat prayer 5x/day
Dissimilar to mainstream Islam:
3. believe in the divinity of Wallace Fard, God on Earth
4. no eternity at all in the afterlife (heaven is a ploy to brainwash slaves)

Front 61

Founder of Rastafarianism:

Back 61

-Haile Selassie - real name is Ras Tafari
-

Front 62

Zion vs. Babylon

Back 62

Zion = the promised land for Blacks
Babylon = the evil White civilization

Front 63

Main points of Rastafarianism:

Back 63

-Ganja = marijuana that brings one closer to God and is sanctioned by the Bible
-Dreadlocks (Leviticus says so and is a sign of social protest)
-Language (double meanings

Front 64

Pentecostalism:
Origin (+ date?)

Back 64

Azusa Street Revival (early 20th century) ... comes from Acts 2 (the Pentecost)

Front 65

Major beliefs of Pentecostalism?

Back 65

-Second-blessing experience, where you must be filled with the Holy Spirit to perform miracles (speaking in tongues, typically)
...also, emotional worship services and healing by faith

Front 66

Two major denominations of Pentecostalism:

Back 66

1. Church of God and Christ
2. Assembly of God

Front 67

Charismatic movement:

Back 67

Pentecostal beliefs and practices in NON-Pentecostal churches

Front 68

Word of Faith movement:

Back 68

EXTREMELY emotional experience

Front 69

Ideas behind White Supremacy

Back 69

-Wesley Swift founded Christian Identity
-Ten Lost Tribes of Israel
-Jesus only died for Whites
-massive anti-Semitism
-view of non-Caucasians? God does not love them
-the Order is a subgroup who was responsible for numerous killings of Blacks in the 1980s

Front 70

African American Slaves & Christianity

Back 70

major trend UNTIL the mid-18th century, but then slave owners attempted to convert slaves to Christianity

Front 71

Why didn't slave owners attempt to convert the slaves at first?

Back 71

1. believed slaves had no souls
2. religious equality would slip into complete equality

Front 72

Why DID slave owners then attempt to convert the slave?

Back 72

1. slaves DO have souls
2. Christianity would make slaves more obedient and productive

Front 73

3 settings of slave Christianity:

Back 73

1. segregated churches
2. special services where the congregation was slaves, but the preacher was White
3. concealed churches

Front 74

Black Spirituals:
4 major themes in lyrics:

Back 74

1. suffering
2. heaven (and hope)
3. justice
4. exodus