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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Class system |
The division of a society into different classes of people, usually based on income or wealth. |
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Enlightenment |
An intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries when classical liberalism spread through Europe and changed some peoples beliefs about religion, reason, nature, and human beings; also called the Age of reason. |
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Free market |
A market that operated with limited government intervention. In a free market economy, questions regarding production and marketing of goods and services are decided through the free interaction of producers and consumers. |
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Industrialization |
The stage of economic development during which the application of technology results in mass production and mass consumption within a country. This is accompanied by urbanization and changes in national living standards. |
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Laissez-Faire Capitalism |
Non-interference or non-intervention. Laissez-faire economics theory supports free markets and an individual's right to own private property. |
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Limited government |
The principle of little over meant involvement in the affairs of an economy, in the belief that this results in more efficient self-regulating markets. |
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Traditional economy |
An economic system usually practised by a pre-industrial society, where needs are met through agriculture, hunting, and fishing, and where there tends to be a division of labour based on custom an tradition. |
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John Locke |
- believed governments given authority by the people to protect life, liberty, and property. -had a profound influence on the American Revolution |
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John Stuart Mill |
-English philosopher - interested in the protection of individual freedom and promotion of individual decision making as the core of societal institutions. - an individual should be able to act as he/she wants as long as it does not harm others. |
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Montesquieu |
-enlightenment thinker -worth of the individual -equality of individuals - accountability of government - believed in the separation of powers * executive * legislative * judicial |
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Adam smith |
-Scottish philosopher -ideas were very radical - if everyone worked for themselves first, everyone including the state would benefit. - individual self interest in the free market = stronger economy |
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Humanists |
-believes in the supremacy of reason of individuals over faith - developed an interpretation of history an beliefs about human nature, the structure of society, and the purpose of life, based on reason rather than religion. |
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Urbanization |
-increase in the number of people residing in cities and an extension of urban boundaries to include areas that were previously rural. |
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Classical conservatism |
-says government should represent the legacy of the past as well a the well-being of the present. -society should be structures in a hierarchical fashion - government chosen by a limited electorate -leaders should be humanitarian - stability of society is important -ideology in opposition to classical liberalism |
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Command economy |
-economic system based on public ownership of property in which government planners decide which good to produce, how to produce them, and how they should be distributed. - a.k.a. Centrally planned economy -found in communist states |
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Communism |
- system of society with property vested in the community and each me ever working for the common benefit according to his or her capacity and receiving according to his or her needs. |
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Feminism |
-belief in the social, political. And economic equality of the sexes. - also stands for the movement that advocates for these equalities. |
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Human rights |
- rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled. - a.k.a. Natural rights |
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Human rights |
- rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled. - a.k.a. Natural rights |
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Labour standards |
- government-enforced rules and standards aimed at safe, clean working environments, and the protection of workers rights to free association, collective bargaining, and freedom from discrimination. |
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Human rights |
- rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled. - a.k.a. Natural rights |
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Labour standards |
- government-enforced rules and standards aimed at safe, clean working environments, and the protection of workers rights to free association, collective bargaining, and freedom from discrimination. |
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Labour unions |
-Associations of workers engaged in q similar function who unite to speak with management about their concerns. - purpose is to provide a united voice that speaks for the rights of its members. |
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Human rights |
- rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled. - a.k.a. Natural rights |
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Labour standards |
- government-enforced rules and standards aimed at safe, clean working environments, and the protection of workers rights to free association, collective bargaining, and freedom from discrimination. |
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Labour unions |
-Associations of workers engaged in q similar function who unite to speak with management about their concerns. - purpose is to provide a united voice that speaks for the rights of its members. |
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Marxism |
A radical form of socialism - a.k.a. "scientific socialism" or "communism" to distinguish it from other socialist ideologies. -ideology in opposition to classical liberalism |
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Mixed economy |
-economic system based on free market principles but with some government intervention, usually to regulate industry, and offer social welfare programs |
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Mixed economy |
-economic system based on free market principles but with some government intervention, usually to regulate industry, and offer social welfare programs |
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Progressivism |
-1920's movement in the U.S. -associated with president Theodore Roosevelt, that reacted to the perceived abuse of laissez-faire capitalism by large corporations. -progressives favoured "a square deal" for average citizens and used legislation and some regulation of the marketplace to achieve this. |
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Socialism |
-ideology that contains the belief that resources should be controlled by the public for the benefit of everyone in society, And not by private interests for the benefit of private owners and investors. |
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Socialism |
-ideology that contains the belief that resources should be controlled by the public for the benefit of everyone in society, And not by private interests for the benefit of private owners and investors. |
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Universal suffrage |
The right of all members of society's once they reach the age of accountability, to fully participate politically. -a.k.a the right to vote |
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Socialism |
-ideology that contains the belief that resources should be controlled by the public for the benefit of everyone in society, And not by private interests for the benefit of private owners and investors. |
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Universal suffrage |
The right of all members of society's once they reach the age of accountability, to fully participate politically. -a.k.a the right to vote |
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Welfare capitalism |
-initiatives by industrialists to provide workers with non-monetary rewards to head off the growing demand for labour unions. - refers to government programs that would provide social safety nets for workers. - ideology in opposition to classical liberalism |
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Luddites |
- group of disgruntled textile workers who formed the "Armies of Redressers" - broke into factories and destroyed the machinery that replaced them. -one of the ideologies that arose in opposition of classical liberalism. |
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Luddites |
- group of disgruntled textile workers who formed the "Armies of Redressers" - broke into factories and destroyed the machinery that replaced them. -one of the ideologies that arose in opposition of classical liberalism. |
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Chartists |
-working class movement in Britain - focused on political and social reform (to form again) - initiatives were presented in the "Charter to Parliament". - example of a ideology that opposed classical liberalism. |
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Utopians |
- humanitarians - idealistic rather than pragmatic -did not wish to overturn The basic political, economic, and social systems. - education and improved working conditions = socialist society where everyone would live happily - "utopia" imaginary, perfect world. |
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Utopians |
- humanitarians - idealistic rather than pragmatic -did not wish to overturn The basic political, economic, and social systems. - education and improved working conditions = socialist society where everyone would live happily - "utopia" imaginary, perfect world. |
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Welfare state |
-state in which the economy is capitalist, but the government uses policies that directly or indirectly modify the market forces in order to ensure economic stability and a basic standard of living for its citizens, usually through social programs. -ideology in opposition to classical liberalism. |
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Great Depression |
-economic crisis that began in late 1929 with the stock market crash as continued through the 1930's. -banks failed, factories closed, many people became unemployed, and international trade declined. |
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Keynesian economics |
-John Maynard Keynes, a British economist who studied the Great Depression and developed a new theory. - prosperity/inflationary times governments should raise interest rates, taxes, and reduce spending. - during bad/recessionary times, governments need to lower interest rates, decrease taxes, increase government spending to put money into the economy. |
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Mary Wolstonecraft |
-feminist and early novelist - not only education would make women better wives and mothers, it would make them equal to men. |
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Censorship |
Restricting freedom of expression or freedom of access to ideas or works, usually by governments, and usually to protect the perceived common good. |
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Welfare state |
-state in which the economy is capitalist, but the government uses policies that directly or indirectly modify the market forces in order to ensure economic stability and a basic standard of living for its citizens, usually through social programs. -ideology in opposition to classical liberalism. |
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Great Depression |
-economic crisis that began in late 1929 with the stock market crash as continued through the 1930's. -banks failed, factories closed, many people became unemployed, and international trade declined. |
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Keynesian economics |
-John Maynard Keynes, a British economist who studied the Great Depression and developed a new theory. - prosperity/inflationary times governments should raise interest rates, taxes, and reduce spending. - during bad/recessionary times, governments need to lower interest rates, decrease taxes, increase goer meant spending to put money into the economy. |
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Mary Wolstonecraft |
-feminist and early novelist - not only education would make women better wives and mothers, it would make them equal to men. |
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Censorship |
Restricting freedom of expression or freedom of access to ideas or works, usually by governments, and usually to protect the perceived common good. |
