Rel 201 - Midterm

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Ubiquitous

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universal / present

(Many would say religion is ubiquitous but the problem with that is "religion" has a western bias)

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Deity

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God / Goddess

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Theism

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Has a deity

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Non-theism

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Has no deity

(Ex. Taoism - finding the way)

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Dualism

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Good deity vs. Bad deity

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Monism

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Breaks into different "things" (not human) to talk to people, but they all come from 1 source

(Ex. - the Holy Trinity in Christianity)

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Atheism

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Belief in no deity / denies the belief

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Agnosticism

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"knowledge"; personal belief system; doesn't essentially belief in just one 'worldview' or religion

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Worldview

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Belief system; alternative to the word religion

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Weltanschauung

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creed / belief

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Religion

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a set of beliefs, practices, and social structures, grounded in people's experience of a Holy or Sacredness that accommodates their emotional, social, intellectual, and meaning-giving needs

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Anthropomorphism

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imagining that animals have the same traits / emotions as humans

(Ex. - dog grieving owner, how do we know he's actually grieving?)

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Cultus Deorum

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to be apart of group / society that worships God; first word to describe religion - Pre-Roman Republican

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Fanaticus

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A shrine or sacred precinct (belongs to a fanum)

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Philosophy of Religion

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*Examinesmatters of faith, truth, falsehood, andreason

*Analyzesreligious language (the tone and meaning)

*Looks at thepurpose that religion serves for the society/individual

*Looks atthe role of ethics and morals in religious thought

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Sociology of Religion

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*Concernedwith societies

*Viewsreligions as social constructs and remarks upon religions’ role in society. *Concernedwith network of relationships between people and how religion affects this.

*emphasizes the importance of culturalsymbols and expressions

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Psychology of Religion

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*Collectsand classifies psychological data concerning religion and religious activities *Investigatesreligious responses in relation to a personality type

*Examinesreligious symbols and practices which may help or hinder working out personalproblems

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Phenomenology of Religion

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*Examineshuman activities in relation to a phenomenon and reflectson participants’ reaction to religious phenomena.

*Looks athuman products, music, art, ritual, and their ability to illuminate and explainthe phenomenon known as religion

*Identifiesa general pattern to religions and defines the essential elements

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History of Religion

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*Looks atreligious concepts, catalysts, people, events during the major periods ofhistory. *Studiesreligious behavior of groups/individuals through any sequence of events.

*Studiesthe series of transformations that characterize the evolution of religions intowhat they are now.

*Unravelsthe process of religious development

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Theology

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the study of adivine revelation as manifested in scripture and doctrines in order tounderstand the human relationship with God

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Archaeology

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the residue of ancient human societies found in the dirt or water

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Ethnology

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field studies of small scale present day tribes; supplemented by written discourses on native populations by explorers, conquistadors, missionaries, and traders

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Totemism

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*using totems for identity and patron deities

(totems - any natural or supernatural object, spirit being, or animal which has symbolic meaning to an individual or tribe)

*typically used by socialists when studying religion

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Taboo

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any natural or supernatural object, spirit, or being which has symbolic meaning to an individual or tribe

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Durkheim

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religions originate in and are shaped by social structures; a deity equals society in some way; religious symbols disguise the human worship of social ideals

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Oedipus complex

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the childhood desire to sleep with the mother and kill the father

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Edward Tylor

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wrote Primitive Culture; religion related to death

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animism

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the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.

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etiology

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the reason for a religion

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Scientology

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alternative to psychotherapy; "The Great Space Opera"

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L. Ron Hubbard

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failed sci-fi author, prophet and creator of Scientology

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Dianetics

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the "scripture" of Scientology

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Electropsychometer (E-meter)

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a lie detector used by Scientologists to "see a thought"; can "uncover" hidden traumas

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Teegeeack

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The name of Earth before humans existed

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Xenu

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emperor / tyrant of 76 planets; hated some of his subjects so he froze them and sent them to Teegeeack on planes. They landed on various volcanoes and thawed out and then watched a 3D movie for 36 hours and then were blown up with Hydrogen bombs so they would be tortured souls to roam the Earth until humans were made

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thetan

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an immortal spiritual being that possesses every human

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anthropomorphic

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to have human characteristics

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Xenophanes

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came up with the Anthropomorphic Fallacy

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Confucius

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famous sage and social philosopher who deeply influenced East Asia

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The Analects

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closet thing we have to a primary source (its sort of an eye witness account); contains a compilation of questions and answers

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Rituals (Li)

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social rituals that were codified and treated as an all embracing system of norms; Confucius tried to revive the etiquette of earlier dynasties

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Filial Piety (Xiao)

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*Greatest of virtues (had to be shown towards living and dead)

*Five relationships: father and son; ruler and subject; husband and wife; elder andyounger brother; and two friends.

*Specific dutieswere prescribed to each of the participants in these sets of relationships.

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Loyalty (Zhong)

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This wasthe equivalent of filial piety on a different level:between ruler and minister, and between boss and worker

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Humaneness (Ren)

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*Individualdevelopment (which is maintained within thecontext of human relationships)

*Allbehavior should stem from an underlying attitude of humaneness.

*Confuciansaying: "Do not do to others what youwould not like them to do to you."

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The Perfect Gentleman (Junzi)

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*Literallymeans “son of a ruler.”

*The ideal person:cultivate himself morally; participates in the correct performance of ritual; shows filial piety and loyalty where due;cultivates humaneness within and without; and is anexample to all.

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samsara

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reincarnation

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Buddha (Siddhartha Gautama)

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*a word inancient Indian languages including Pāliand Sanskrit which means "one who has awakened".

*It isderived from the verbal root "budh",meaning "to awaken" or "to be enlightened", and "tocomprehend".

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The Four Sights

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1.oldcrippledman

2.sickness

3.adecaying corpse

4.awandering holy man – a sadhu

Thisled to the Great Renunciation.

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Four Noble Truths

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1.Dukkha

2.Tanha

3. Nirvana

4. Samsara

There isa path that leads out of suffering, known as the Noble Eightfold Path.

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Hierophany

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A manifestation of the Holy / Sacred (either visual, audible, dreamlike, and/or construction of a social system or natural environment)

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Linear Time

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*A hierophany (of time)

*West culture

*God reveals himself in a linear time span; first there was Adam and Eve then years later there was Noah and the flood and then years later Jesus.... - its a timeline

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Cyclical Time

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*A hierophany (of time)

* East Culture

*Seasonal rituals, reincarnation, time is circular

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Varna and jati castes

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*A hierophany (of space)

*comes with ascribed social roles, duties, and law and marriage limiatiations

*4 castes - Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya, Shudras

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Brahman

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*central place of power in Hindusociety.

*These are your religious leaders, priests, intellectual leaders.

*Theydevoted time to study, teach, perform sacrifices, and leading religiousservices.

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Kshatriya

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rulers, warriors, and nobles who protected, administered, and promoted the material welfare of society

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Vaishya

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farmers, merchants, and traders contributed to the economic well-being of society

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Shudras

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laborers and servants supplied the manual labor or service needed by other 3 castes

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Dalit, Chandala, "Untouchables"

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*status isso low that they belong to no caste at all.

*They are forbidden from communal ritual, certain temples,certain wells to draw water from, certain public roads and bazaars.

*They wererequired to identify themselves as untouchables as they walked so members ofhigher castes could avoid them

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asceticism

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*the path of truth / trust

* goal: to achieve union with the Holy

*characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures

*stresses purity and control

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sadhu

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a religious ascetic (holy person)

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hedonism

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opposite from asceticism; indulging in everything because it is made by God

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Gnosticism

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*originates from Greek word for "knowledge"

*worldview: material world is at best corrupt and at worst, evil

*taught that Earth was ruled over by a lesser "god"

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gnosis

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referring to the idea that there is esoteric knowledge that only a few can possess

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aeons

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*beings / powers that emanate from the True Holy and perform various functions in the operations of the universe

*Example: Sophia

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sophia

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*Greek for wisdom

*An Aeon that believed she deserved to be on a higher level of power but when she tried, she fell into the chaos and there she created Archons so she wouldn't be lonely but when she wants to leave they don't want her to, because they'll lose their power, so they rip her apart and spread her pieces into the humans on Earth

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archons

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*the opposite of aeons

*live in the chaos and can only exist so long as sophia is on Earth

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demiurgos / Yaldabaoth

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*the lesser "god" that rules over Earth; leader of the archons (Gnosticism)

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esoteric

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likely to be understood by only a small number of people with a specialized knowledge or interest

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magic

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*closely linked to religion and science since ancient times

*can be used for well-being or harm (white vs. black)

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imitation

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like produces like

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contiguity

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that what was once an important part of you continues to be vital to you after you lose it or die

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antipathy

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the concept that one force can be repelled by its opposite

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high magic

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putting a curse on someone, rain dance; stuff you need classes and books for

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low magic

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horoscopes, reading tea leaves; stuff you can do at home without prior knowledge

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astrology

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*Your destiny, character,and behaviors wereinfluenced bythe planets and other celestial objects as your energy or soul passes throughthem to enter the bodyat birth – natal astrology, and,

*The planets and othercelestial objects influenceyour dailyenergy andrhythm giventheir positions and movements.

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necromancy

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*a form of divination where the practitioner seeks tosummon the spirits of the dead to answer questions or to do their bidding, thus called"operative spirits" or "spirits of divination.”

*communication with the dead - benevolent: speaking to a relative; or malicious - speaking to a demon

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alchemy

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Quest for knowledge andmastery of basic physical elements for enhancing human existence, healing,achieving immortality, and wealth.

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numerology

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*assumes universe hasa mathematical structure and everything in it has a numerical value.

*Certainnumbers have significance or are more potent than others are. 7 and 13, 666 and333

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Freud

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religion is a universal obsessional ritual, an attempt to master the Oedipus Complex, a way to hold groups together; a delusion for wish-fulfillment

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Dukkha

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All worldly life is unsatisfactory, disjointed, containing suffering

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Dukkha

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All worldly life is unsatisfactory, disjointed, containing suffering

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tanha

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There is a cause of suffering, which isattachment or desire rooted in ignorance

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nirvana

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the liberation from the end of the human cycle of suffering