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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the body's fluid compartments, how much in each?
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ICF - in cells, 25 L
ECF - 3 L blood plasma, 12L in tissue interstitial fluid/lymph |
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What is the Osmolarity of ICF and ECF?
What about Sodium? |
300 mOsm in both.
ECF is 150 mM Na+ |
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How is the osmolarity of ECF regulated?
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by regulating sodium levels by moving water btwn cells and ECF.
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What happens when water moves from blood cells to the ECF?
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it increases the blood volume, thus increasing blood pressure!
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what is the normal daily water intake?
loss? |
2300 mL intake
2300 mL output |
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how is water output broken down?
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-1400 mL urine
-100 mL sweat -100 mL feces -700 mL insensible |
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what is the min/max urine you can output?
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400 mL min in deserts
14000 mL max |
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When would a person be putting out 14000 mL urine?
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when they have diabetes insipidus.
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What is the major problem in Diabetes insipidus?
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no ADH - lg volumes of dilute urine.
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where is ADH made?
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in the hypothalamus
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What stimulates the release of ADH?
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1. High ECF Osmolarity
2. Low blood volume |
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How is High ECF osmolarity detected? What is the response?
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By osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus; the hypothalamus releases ADH which incr. H2O reabsorption.
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How does Low blood volume stimulate ADH?
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1. Atrium stretches less.
2. Atrium releases less ANP. 3. Granular cells release more Renin. 4. Renin stim. Angiotensin II. 5. More ADH is released, H2o Reabsorbed. |
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What are the 3 major effects of increased water reabsorption?
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Increased body water, decreased ECF osmolarity and Increased blood volume.
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What is micturition?
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Urination
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What are the 2 major muscles involved in micturition?
By what system is each innervated? |
1. Detrusor muscle; Autonomic
2. Voluntary sphincter; motor. |
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What important receptors are involved in micturition?
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Stretch receptors;
As bladder fills/streches, INHIBIT alpha motor neuron to volunt sphncter; STIMULATE detrusor to squeeze pee out. |
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Spcfly what type of autonom nerves innervate detrusor?
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Parasympathetic.
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How do you prevent urination everytime stretch receptors stretch?
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The nerves end info to the brain to direct the volunt sphincter whether to relax or not - can override the inhibition.
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What stimulates the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone sytem to kick in?
How does body need to respond? |
Low ECF, usually accompanied by low blood pressure.
-Response is to inrease Na reabsorption. |
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What are the steps in the Ren-ang-ald system?
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1. Low ECF, BP
2. Stimulates RENIN release 3. Activates Angiotensin system. 4. TWO THINGS!!!: A. General vasoconstriction, esp of renal arterioles. B. ALDOSTERONE RELEASE 5. a)Decreases filtration/Na loss. b)increases Na reabsorptn, decreases Na excretion. 6. RESULT: incr. body sodium and ECF volume! |
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What stimulates Atrial natiuretic peptide?
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INCREASED ECF, usually accomp by high bp.
-Response needs to decr. body sodium. |
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What are the steps in the ANP system?
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1. High BP causes Atrial stretch
2. Heart releases ANP. 3. ANP decreases Renin release. 4. No renin = no vasoconstr. 5. GFR increases, more Na excreted, lowers ECF. |
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What is common to all of them: -ADH
-Aldosterone -Angiotensin II -Renin? |
THEY ALL INCREASE BP AND ECF.
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In a nutshell, what does ea. do?
-ADH -Aldosterone -Angiotensin II -Renin? |
ADH: increase H2o reabsorption.
Aldost: incr Na reabsorption. Angio2: decr Na excretion. Renin: increases Angio2. |
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What does ANP do?
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INHIBITS RENIN RELEASE.
Thus causes MORE Na excretion to lower blood pressure/ECF. |
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What is the main
-Intracellular ion -Extracellular ion |
Intra = POTASSIUM K+
Extra = SODIUM Na+ |
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How much/where is K+ reabsorbed?
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90% is reabsorbed before reaching the collecting duct.
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What regulates K+ reabsorption?
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Aldosterone.
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What 2 things happen when plasma potassium is increased?
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1. Depolarization of Heart cells.
2. Depolarization of cells in the adrenal cortex. |
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what is the effect of depolarizing heart cells?
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death - it's abnormal electrical activity.
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what is the effect of depol. adrenal cortex cells?
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1. Incr aldosterone release, incr Na/K pumps in collecting ducts; Increased K+ secretion and decreased plasma K+.
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Which of the 2 responses to increased plasma K+ is more sensitive?
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the aldosterone stimulation, which is good because it fixes the problem and you don't die.
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