Regulation Of Body Fluids

Front 1

Outer region of kidney

Back 1

cortex

Front 2

Middle region of kidney

Back 2

Medulla, further subdivided into inner and outer.

Front 3

Inner region of kidney

Back 3

Papilla: innermost tip ofthe inner medulla and empties into pouches called minor and major calyces, which are extensions of the ureter

Front 4

What are the glomerules capillaries surrounded by?

Back 4

Bowman's capsule

Front 5

What is first step in urine formation?

Back 5

Blood is <b>ultrafiltered</b> across glomerular capillaries into Bowman's space

Front 6

What are the two types of nephrons?

Back 6

Superficial cortical and juxtamedullary

Front 7

Where do the superficial cortical nephrons have their glomeruli? The juxtamedullary?

Back 7

Outer cortex; near the corticomedullary border

Front 8

Which nephron type has the higher GFR and why?

Back 8

Juxtamedullary; their glomeruli are larger.

Front 9

Blood enters into each kidney via the ____ artery; which branches into _____ arteries; ________ arteries ; and then ___________ arteries.

Back 9

Renal;interlobular; arcuate;cortical radial

Front 10

Afferent arterioles deliver blood to the first capillary network aka ___________________, across which ultrafiltration occurs.

Back 10

Glomerular capillaries

Front 11

Blood leaves glomerular capillaries via a second set of arterioles, the efferent arterioles, which deliver blood to a second capillary network, the ___________________.

Back 11

Peritubular capillaries

Front 12

What are the <b>vasa recta?</b>

Back 12

Long, hairpin shaped blood vessels that follow the Loops of Henle (LOH) of the juxtamedullary nephrons.

Front 13

What is positive and negative Na+ balance?

Back 13

Increase in Na+ content causing increased ECF volume; vice versa

Front 14

What are the 4 overlapping systems that control Na+/ECF volume?

Back 14

1) Renin-angiotensinII-Aldosterone (RAA)

2) Sympathetic NS

3) ANP

4) Pressure natr.

Front 15

What is <b>effective arterial blood volume?</b> (EABV)

Back 15

The "functional" arterial blood volume. that determines tissue perfusion. Similar concept to stressed volume, but that's not a term clinicians use.

Usually it goes along with changes in ECF volume, but there are impt. changes where this doesn't happen (eg., congestive heart failure).

Front 16

1% ↑ osmolarity : what would it do?

Back 16

Stimulate ADH secretion

Front 17

10% ↓ in blood volume

Back 17

Stimulate ADH secretion – less sensitive, more powerful than osmolarity change. Can be stimulated even when osmolarity is lower than normal.

Front 18

What are the two main actions of ADH?

Back 18

1)Increased water permeability in principle cells of late distal tubule (increase water reabsorption.)

2) Contraction of VSM.

Front 19

How does ADH act to increased water permeability in principle cells of late distal tubule (increase water reabsorption.)?

Back 19

ADH binds to V2 receptor --> increases cAMP ---> Gs protein --> Inserts aquaporin2 into luminal membrane. --> Increase water reabsorption

Front 20

How does ADH act to increase Contraction of VSM?

Back 20

ADH binds to V1 receptor ---> Acts via phospholipase C (IP3/Ca2+) mechanism --> vasoconstriction --> increased Pa and TPR

Front 21

What are the two minor function of ADH?

Back 21

1) Increase Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter
2) Increase urea transporter in intermedullary collecting ducts (urea recycling)

Front 22

What is the equation for estimating plasma osmolarity?

Back 22

Plasma osmolarity = 2[Na+] + BUN/2.8 + Glucose/18