Red Queen - People

Front 1

Sarah Hrdy

Back 1

- studies witnessed promiscuous behavior of female chips and monkeys
- animal infanticide is an "adaptation" so males can father lots of offspring
- concealed ovulation prevents female infanticide

Front 2

Robin Dunbar

Back 2

male gibbons are monogamous to prevent infanticide

Front 3

Wrangham

Back 3

the gorilla social system designed around the prevention of infanticide; for females there is safety in numbers

Front 4

Roger Short

Back 4

although gorillas are 4x the weight of chimps, chimps have testicles 4x the size

Front 5

Birkhead and Moller

Back 5

female birds benefit from being promiscuous because it allows mating with a mediocre husband and an affair with a genetically superior neighbor

Front 6

Nancy Burley

Back 6

- study with zebra finches show that attractive male make inattentive fathers
- women learned to be concealed ovulation because of painful childbirth

Front 7

Baker and Bellis

Back 7

- amount of sperm retained in a woman's vagina after sex varies according to whether she had an orgasm, and how long since she had sex
- studies on people in Liverpool and rats

Front 8

Robert Smith

Back 8

explanation for concealed ovulation: husband must stay around mate, which keeps him from mischief and makes sure he is there to help rear the babies

Front 9

Donald Symons

Back 9

- women use concealed ovulation to seduce philandering in exchange for gifts
- Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness

Front 10

Benshoof & Thornhill

Back 10

concealed ovulation allows a woman to mate with a superior by stealth - it's a weapon in the adultery game

Front 11

Finns and Swedes

Back 11

in Bonfire of the Vanities, the mistress is fooled into thinking the male is unmarried

Front 12

Norwegians

Back 12

in Bonfire of the Vanities, the wife visits the mistress's nest to drive her away; men deceive their wives about affairs, not mistresses

Front 13

Jose Veiga

Back 13

study with sparrows revealed that senior wives do not stand for male polygamy because they need the husband's help to rear chicks

Front 14

Laura Betzig

Back 14

- analysis of medieval history suggests the begetting of wealthy heirs was the cause of church-state controversies
- men treat power as a means to sexual and reproductive success

Front 15

Silverman & Eals

Back 15

men are better at direction because they used to be hunters; women are better at detail because they used to be gatherers

Front 16

Camille Paglia

Back 16

to believe in sexual equality is just; to believe in sexual identity is unfeminist and peculiar

Front 17

Gunter Dorner

Back 17

experiments on rats showed that the release of the luteinizing hormone was typical of female rats

Front 18

Nancy Thornhill

Back 18

- thought male and female preferences weren't universal
- invented by powerful men to prevent rivals form accumulating wealth

Front 19

Buss

Back 19

experiment in 33 countries that showed preferences of women and men

Front 20

Bruce Ellis & Don Symons

Back 20

conducted questionnaire of sexual fantasies of 307 California students - romance novel and porn represent respective utopian fantasies of the two sexes

Front 21

Hurst & Haig

Back 21

gay genes survive because they sterilize males, our sexual instincts have evolved by natural instinct, and they're adaptive

Front 22

Sigmund Freud

Back 22

- people secretly desire incest which are repressed by societal taboos
- equates attraction/love with sexual attraction
- assumes people have incestuous desires
- universal human mental attributes; blames early nurture for nature

Front 23

Edward Westermarck

Back 23

- people are rarely turned on by people they spent a lot of time with during childhood
- if incest were to occur, it would occur between father and daughter

Front 24

Levi-Strauss

Back 24

taboos exist because then women can be used as bargaining chips between tribes

Front 25

Lorenz

Back 25

chicks and goslings imprint on the first thing they meet

Front 26

Smuts

Back 26

today thinness is a sign of wealth because rich women can afford diets, healthy food, and fitness plans

Front 27

Ronald Fisher

Back 27

men marry thin women to have thin daughters, who will marry well and bear more children, which will gave the male more grandchildren

Front 28

Singh

Back 28

- at age 10, a girl experiences changes in her waist to chest ratio
- a man will find almost nay women attractive as long as her waist is much thinner than her hips

Front 29

Low

Back 29

men choose broad-hipped women because they are more able to give birth

Front 30

Galton

Back 30

merging several women's faces yields a more attractive one than the individual

Front 31

Bruce Ellis

Back 31

personality is important for females - they prefer dominant men

Front 32

Stephen Gay Gould

Back 32

- environmental as well as genetic differences can cause someone to have bigger wisdom teeth, and the same applies to aggression
- concept of neoteny
- language may be by-product of neoteny

Front 33

Emil Durkheim

Back 33

- founder of sociology
- assumes people are blank slates on which culture writes
- assumptions: anything that varies between cultures must be culturally acquired, anything that develops instead of forming at birth must be learned, anything genetically determined must be inflexible

Front 34

Kenneth Oakley

Back 34

man is a tool user and toolmaker, and he developed a big brain for that purpose

Front 35

Raymond Dart

Back 35

- rival to toolmaking theory
- lions and baboons hunt and gather too

Front 36

Richard Alexander

Back 36

key feature of human environment is the presence of other humans

Front 37

Humphrey

Back 37

- intelligence is the ability to "modify behavior on the basis of valid inference from evidence"
- mankind uses his intellect mainly in social situations
- humans need a "polytechnic school"

Front 38

Leda Cosmides

Back 38

conducted experiments at Stanford with Wason test

Front 39

Cosmides & Gigerenzer

Back 39

people are treating the puzzles in the Wason test as social contracts, not logic

Front 40

Geoffrey Miller

Back 40

- intelligence is for sexual selection
- sexual selection makes survival problems worse
- peahen plumage is parallel to desire for entertaining companions
- people dare not step off treadmill of selecting creative, witty mates
- Scheherazade Effect

Front 41

Christopher Badcock

Back 41

neotenic traits are favored by female choice because younger males make more cooperative hunters

Front 42

Robin Fox

Back 42

anthropologist who believes that until proved otherwise, man must considered creature of his culture, not culture of man's nature

Front 43

Jane Goodall

Back 43

male chimps attack strange females with infants and kill the infants; they do not attack childless females

Front 44

Hill

Back 44

Ache People of Paraguay Study

Front 45

Graham Bell

Back 45

- Tangled Bank Theory
- Vicar of Bray theory - humans adapt to whatever conditions suit them

Front 46

Richard Dawkins

Back 46

The Blind Watchmaker - the body is an evolutionary vehicle for the gene

Front 47

Jean Baptiste-Lamarck

Back 47

acquired traits are inherited

Front 48

Wynne Edwards

Back 48

we are not competing with other species, we are competing with our own

Front 49

John Maynard Smith

Back 49

- spreading a sexual gene means passing on twice as many genes on as rivals (advantage)
- wrote "The Evolution of Sex"

Front 50

George Williams

Back 50

sex requires animals to ignore self-interest for a while for their species

Front 51

Van Valen

Back 51

extinction is random

Front 52

William Hamilton

Back 52

sex recycles

Front 53

Hickey & Rose

Back 53

discovered transposons

Front 54

Trivers and Willard

Back 54

parents in good condition have male-biased liters, and parents in poor conditions have female-biased litters

Front 55

Fisherian

Back 55

females choose males based on beauty so they can pass it on to their sons

Front 56

Good-Gene (Wallace)

Back 56

females like beauty because it's a sign of god genetic qualities like disease resistance, vigor, and strength

Front 57

Moller

Back 57

longest tails are symmetrical and best at securing mates