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51 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
According to the estimate given in the chapter, about how many words per year does a native English speaker acquire?
1000
What are the four vocabularies that correspond to the four language domains?
Oral receptive, oral productive, written receptive, written productive
What do we know when we know a word?
Its form, meaning, and usage
English learners need to develop a vocabulary that includes general ____ along with specific ___ that may occur less frequently.
High frequency words
Academic Content Words
The first 1,000 highest frequency words account for about ____ percent of the words used in conversation, and about ___ percent of the words that occur in academic text.
84%
73%
To comprehend a text without help, a student needs to understand about ____ percent of the words.
95
What are function words? How are they best taught?
Function words, such as articles, prepositions, pronouns and conjunctions, show relationships among other words within a sentence. They should be taught through exposure to natural language use in the context of a sentence or paragraph.
Which three activities offer important avenues to vocabulary development within natural, communicative contexts?
Academic instruction, independent and guided reading, writing for an audience
What are "friendly cognates"? What are "false cognates"?
Friendly cognates have similar sound, appearance, and meaning in the L1. False cognates have similar sound and appearance, yet have totally unrelated meaning in the L1.
What are three types of dictionaries that are especially useful for English learners?
Picture, bilingual, Monolingual Language dictionaries.
What are five activities that give beginning level English learners opportunities to learn new words in a variety of ways?
TPR, Read Alouds, Word Cards, Word Wall Dictionary, Working with Idioms
What are five activities that would help intermediate level English learners expand their vocabulary?
Word Wheels, Word Wizard, Contextual Redefinition, Vocabulary Journals, teaching prefixes and suffixes
According to the anecdote about Paul, the kindergarten teacher, what is the best way for children to learn to write?
by writing
What is similar about writing in L1 and L2? Why does it make sense that writing in English should be similar for L1 and L2 writers?
What is similar is the process. They both make use of their budding knowledge of English while writing.
What is different about writing in L1 and L2?
The resources such as vocabulary, syntax, idioms, and exposure to English.
If you have taught English-speaking children to write in their first language, can you use the same strategies to help children learn to write English as a second language?
Yes, you would just use some literacy scaffolds.
What are the five phases of a process approach to writing?
Prewriting, drafting, revising, editing, publishing
If dividing reading into component subskills and teaching them with worksheets is not pedagogically sound, why is dividing the writing process into phases okay? or is it?
Because each phase of the writing process is meaningful in arriving at a finished product.
When using the process approach to composing, what are some things teachers characteristically do?
Model writing and responding. Respond positively to what the students are doing right.
Why is having students write about personal memories particularly important for L2 writers?
Because it makes them an expert in what they are writing about.
Why was the Vietnamese girl, Truc, able to generate more writing for her resource teacher than for her homeroom teacher?
Because she had a choice of topic and was in a smaller group.
What do students need to learn to be effective participants in peer response groups? What is the purpose of such groups? in These groups what is the focus of the response?
They need to know how to work in groups and how to respond effectively. To provide a supportive first audience. The focus is on effectively presenting ideas.
What are some elements of good writing?
Lead, Focus, Voice, Show not tell, ending.
What is the golden rule in responding to another writer's paper? What are some questions children may ask in responding to a peer's draft?
12. Find something positive to say first. What did you mean when you said __? Could you describe that scene so we could see it and hear it? What is the most important part of your story?
At what point in the writing process is peer editing (focus on form) appropriate? What is the purupose of peer editing?
When students are satisfied that their writing says what they want it to say. To read over final drafts to make corrections on grammar, punctuation, and spelling.
What are some publishing projects children can engage in?
classroom newspapers, poetry anthologies, short story collections, and individual publications of student writing. Sharing publication with younger students
As a teacher of beginning writers, what would be your first priority
Helping to generate ideas to get them writing and develop fluency
What is automaticity, and what does it have to do with writing?
The ability to engage in a complex activity without having to concentrate on each part of it. The ability to put words down on paper without thinking about the conventions of writing.
As a teacher of intermediate writers, what would be your first priority?
To add form to fluidity in expression.
What writing abilities do intermediate students need to work on?
They need to improve their sentences in quality, style, length, and organizational strategies, such as paragraphing and logical ordering of ideas
Please name and explain several strategies you can use to help intermediate writers improve their writing.
Show and Not Tell, Sentence Combining, Sentence Shortening, Sentence Models, Mapping.
In addition to the teacher's daily observation of students' writing, what two other types of assessment are recommended? What is involved in each?
Portfolio Assessment, Holistic Scoring
Reading in L1 and L2: What is similar? What is different? What three resources do readers make use of to arrive at an interpretation of a text?
1. Both use their knowledge of sound/symbol relationships, word order, grammar, and meaning to predict and confirm meaning. What is different is language proficiency and background knowledge in the target language. Graphophonics, Syntax, and semantics.
What advantages do L2 readers who are literate in their first language have over L2 readers who are preliterate?
L1 literate students are able to transfer reading skills by bringing their sophisticated literacy skills to L2 reading tasks.
What is a literature response group?
Small groups of students, 3-6, who have read a piece of literature and are ready to discuss it together.
What is the purpose of supplying response sheets to reading groups?
To scaffold the students initial response to the literature by providing model questions.
What are some ways to prepare children to work in response groups?
Read good literature to students daily and ask for individual response informally, share with students teacher responses to characters’ dilemmas, help students connect the characters and situations to decisions and circumstances in their own lives, encourage different views of the literature, share their enjoyment of stories and literary language, emphasize personal response to literature over theoretical literary analysis, teach students vocabulary to talk about literature, provide students with a model response sheet to assist them at first.
What are some ways to extend the range of children's response to literature
Readers’ theater, illustrations, response sheets, storytelling, story maps, journals
Explain the phrase "negotiate meaning through social interaction."
The students help each other figure out the meaning through discussion.
What is the Language Experience Approach (LEA)? To what two other approaches to reading does it bear a resemblance?
LEA is when students dictate stories and the teacher writes them down. It resembles Ashton-Warner’s key word approach and Freire’s generative theme approach.
What are some criteria for effective literacy scaffolds?
It works with meaningful and functional communication found in whole texts, makes use of repetitive language and discourse patterns, and supports student’s comprehension beyond what they could do alone.
What are patterned books?
Storybooks that make use of repeated phrases, refrains, and sometimes rhymes, often times with illustrations to help facilitate story comprehension.
What are big books?
Over sized books used to present literature to groups of students.
What is Directed listening-Thinking Activity (DL-TA)?
It is modeling questioning and predicting at the beginning of a story being read by the teacher and progressively allowing students to form their own questions by the end of the story.
What is reader's theater?
Students read and dramatize a script created from a story they have read.
What is story mapping?
Story mapping is a graphic organizer that helps students break down elements of a story such as character, setting, and plot.
What is cognitive mapping?
Like a story map, it is a graphic drawing summarizing a text.
What is Directed Reading-Thinking Activity (DR-TA)?
It is like DL-TA, but the students read the text themselves silently after making predictions during oral discussion.
What are literature response journals? What is the purpose of such journals?
Personal notebooks in which students write informal comments about the stories they are reading, including feelings and reactions to characters, setting, plot, and other aspects of the story. The purpose is to encourage dynamic, experiential, and authentic involvement with the literature.
What are some procedures for assessing the progress of individual L2 readers?
Daily observations while students read in class, and individual assessments such as comparing their school reading with reading they bring from home, miscue analysis, Informal Reading Inventories, Running Records, and student self-assessment.
What is miscue analysis?
Assessment that focuses on the reader’s variations form print made during oral reading.