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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Esterification |
heat under reflux h2so4 acid catalyst carboxylic acid + alcohol --> ester + water |
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Preparing aliphatic amines |
-halogenoalkanes are warmed -with xs nh3 -in an ethanol solvent produced HCl |
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Preparing aromatic amines |
-nitroarenes are heated under reflux with -sn -conc HCl ( 6[H], h20 is also formed) |
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Amines as weak bases |
R-NH2 + HCl ---> R-NH3- CL+ base + acid ---> alkylammonium salt |
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Diazotisation |
aromatic arene + HNO2 + 2HCl --> diazonium compound + 2H2O
hn02 made in situ from NaNO2 and XS HCl
XS HCl
Below 10°C
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Coupling |
diazonium ion+ phenol ---> azo dye + nacl + h20 NaOH alkaline conditions |
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Nitration of Benzene |
50°C Heat under reflux C6H6 + HNO3 ---> C6H5NO2 + H2O
HN03 + H2SO4 ---> HS04 + [NO2] +H20
regeneration of catalyst: H+ + HSO4- --> H2SO4 |
formation of the electrophile |
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Halogenation of Benzene |
R.T.P C6H6 + CL2 --> C6H5Cl + HCl
Formation of electrophile: HCl + AlCl3 --> AlCl4- + Cl+
Regeneration:
H+ + AlCl4- --> AlCl3 + HCl |
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Phenol + NaOH |
C6H5OH + NaOH --> C6H5O-Na+ +H2O |
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Phenol + Sodium |
2C6H5OH + 2Na --> 2C6H5O-Na+ + H2 metal effervescence |
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Phenol + Bromine |
C6H5OH + 3BR2 --> C6H2OHBr3 + 3HBR orange --> white ppt |
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Tollens reagent reactions |
R-CHO + [O] ---> R-COOH Ag+ + e- --> Ag (silver mirror) |
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RCOOH + Metals (+observation) |
RCOOH + Na(s) --> RCOO-Na+ + 0.5H2 sodium dissapears and effervescence |
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RCOOH + NaOH |
RCOOH + NaOH --> RCOO-Na+ + H2O |
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RCOOH + metal carbonate |
2RCOOH + Na2CO3 ---> 2RCOO-Na+ CO2 + H20 |
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Acid Hydrolysis of Esters |
Heat under reflux dilute h2s04 or dilite HCl acid catalyst ester + h20 ---> carboxylic acid + alcohol |
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Alkaline hydrolysis of esters |
Heat under reflux ester + NaOH(aq) --> sodium esteroate + alcohol |
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Fatty Acids as Biodiesel |
in the presence of NaOH: Glycerides +Alcohol < ---> biodiesel + glycerol alcohol is ethanol or methanol |
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Acid Hydrolysis of Polypeptides |
Heat under reflux with 6moldm-3 of HCL for 24 hours polypeptide + H20 + 2H+ ---> Positively charged Amino Acids |
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Uses of esters |
Perfumes and Flavourings Solvents Biodiesel |
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Glycerol |
Propan-1,2,3-triol |
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Triglycerides |
Glycerol + Fatty acids --> Triglyceride + 3H2O |
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Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids |
the more C=C bonds present the lower the melting point and the more likely it is to be a liquid |
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Saturated Fats |
Increase the risks of heart diease Raise LDL levels, depositing lipids onto artery walls leading to heart disease |
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Unsaturated Fats |
Cis - present no danger as molecules do not pack close together trans- linear so the chains pack together, they have a higher melting point than cis isomers |
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Amino Acids as solids |
white crystalline ionic solids with high melting points due to the formation of zwitterions |
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Zwitterion |
A polar ionic form of an alpha amino acid that is formed by the donation of a hydrogen ion from the carboxylic acid group to the amino acid group. Because both charges are present there is no overall charge |
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