Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
284 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Inadequate oxygenation is called _
|
HYPOXIA
|
|
Most common cause of hypoxia is _
|
Coronary artery atherosclerosis
|
|
CO and CN both inhibit _
|
Cytochrome oxidase
|
|
How do you treat CO poisoning ?
|
100% O2
|
|
Most adversely affected cell in tissue hypoxia _
|
NEURONS
|
|
What do you see on ECG in subendocardial ischemia
|
ST segment depression
|
|
Cytochrome C activates _
|
Apoptosis
|
|
Most common cause of drug induced fulminant hepatitis
|
ACETAMINOPHEN
|
|
Reperfusion injury can be caused by ?
|
O2 and increase in cytosolic Ca
|
|
What is the difference between dystrophic and metastatic calcification
|
Dystrophic calcification - calcification of necrotic tissue
Metastatic calcification - calcification of normal tissue |
|
Decrease in size of tissue or organ is called _
|
ATROPHY
|
|
Increase in cell size is called _
|
HYPERTROPHY
|
|
Increase in number of cells _
|
HYPERPLASIA
|
|
One cell type replaces another - this is called _
|
METAPLASIA
|
|
Disordered cell growth is called _
|
DYSPLASIA
|
|
In cerebral infarction - what type of necrosis?
|
LIUEFACTIVE (NOT coagulative)
|
|
Most common cause of caseous necrosis
|
Tuberculosis
|
|
What type of necrosis in acute pancreatitis
|
Enzymatic fat necrosis
|
|
Programmed cell death is called _
|
Apoptosis
|
|
Name apoptosis gene
|
BAX
|
|
Name anti apoptosis gene
|
BCL2
|
|
These cells release preformed histamine
|
Mast cells
|
|
Primary leukocytes in acute inflammation
|
Neutrophils
|
|
Responsible for "rolling" of neutrophils
|
Selectins
|
|
Neutrophil adhesion molecules
|
Beta 2 integrins
|
|
Directed migration of neutrophils is called _
|
CHEMOTAXIS
|
|
Name 2 opsonins
|
IgG and C3b
|
|
In Butons agammogloblinemia there is a defect in _
|
OPSONIZATION
|
|
In Chediak Higashi syndrome patient cannot form _
|
PHAGOLYSOSOMES
|
|
Most potent microbicidal system
|
O2 dependent MPO system
|
|
End product of O2 dependent MPO system
|
BLEACH
|
|
In chronic granulomatous disease there is absent _
|
NADPH OXIDASE AND RESPIRATORY BURST
|
|
Most important chemical mediator of acute inflammation
|
HISTAMINE
|
|
Most common cause of skin abscess
|
Staph aureus
|
|
Most common cause of chronic inflammation
|
INFECTION
|
|
Primary leukocytes in chronic inflammation
|
Monocytes and macrophages
|
|
Granulation tissue is converted to _
|
Scar tissue
|
|
Key adhesion glycoprotein in ECM
|
Fibronectin
|
|
cell types in granuloma
|
macrophages and CD4 helper T cells
|
|
Macrophages activated by gamma interferon from CD4 Th cells are called _
|
Epithelioid cells
|
|
Most variable stage in cell cycle
|
G1
|
|
Most critical phase in cell cycle
|
G1 to S
|
|
Genes controlling G1 to S phases of cell cycle
|
RB and TP53
|
|
Key adhesion glycoprotein in basement membrane
|
LAMININ
|
|
IN Ehlers Danlos syndrome which collagen is defective
|
Type I and type III
|
|
Cofactor in collagenase
|
Zn
|
|
Most common cause of impaired wound healing
|
Infections
|
|
In which vitamin defficiency is there decreased cross linking of collagen
|
Vitamin C defficiency
|
|
Which drugs prevent scar formation
|
Glucocorticoids
|
|
In keloids which type collagen is in excess
|
type III
|
|
In lung injury which cell is repair cell
|
TYPE II PNEUMOCYTE
|
|
What happens in brain with injury
|
Proliferation of astrocytes and microglial cells
|
|
With peripheral nerve transection which cell is key cell in reinnervation
|
Schwann cell
|
|
Predominant immunoglobulin in acute inflammation
|
IgM
|
|
Predominant immunoglobulin in chronic inflammation
|
IgG
|
|
Corticosteroid effect in blood
|
Increased neutrophils
Decreased lymphocytes and eosinophils |
|
Marker of necrosis and disease activity
|
CRP
|
|
Marker of acute inflammation
|
IgM
|
|
Sign of chronic inflammation
|
Polyclonal gammopathy, increased IgG
|
|
Large granular lymphocytes in peripheral blood
|
Natural killer cells
|
|
When does IgM and IgG synthesis begin
|
After birth
|
|
Class I MHC is present on which cells
|
All nucleated cells
|
|
Name antigen presenting cells
|
B cells
Macrophages Dendritic cells |
|
Which HLA protein is associated with ankylosing spondylitis
|
HLA B27
|
|
IgE activation of mast cells happens in which type of hypersensitivity
|
Type I
|
|
Name potentially fatal type I hypersensitivity reaction
|
Anaphylactic shock
|
|
Antibody dependent cytotoxic reactions are what type of hypersensitivity
|
Type II
|
|
Activation of compliment by circulating antigen-antibody complexes is what type of hypersensitivity
|
Type III
|
|
Name antibody activated hypersensitivity reactions
|
Type I, II, III
|
|
Which type of hypersensitivity has to do with cellular immunity
|
Type IV
|
|
What is the most important requirement for successful transplantation
|
ABO blood group compatibility
|
|
Type of transplant with best survival rate
|
Autograft (self to self)
|
|
Hyperacute rejection of transplant - is it reversible? what type of hypersensitivity?
|
Irreversible, type II hypersensitivity
|
|
Most common type of transplant rejection - what typ of hypersensitivity?
|
Acute rejection - type IV and type II hypersensitivity
|
|
Is chronic rejection of transplant reversible
|
Irreversible
|
|
What are symptoms and signs of graft versus host reactions
|
Jaundice
Diarrhea Dermatitis |
|
Most common cardiac finding in SLE
|
Fibrinous pericarditis with effusion
|
|
Most common drug associated with drug induced lupus
|
Procainamide
|
|
What type of antibodies are present in drug induced lupus
|
Antihistone antibodies
|
|
What two tests can confirm SLE
|
Anti double stranded DNA
Anti Smith antibodies |
|
In systemic sclerosis there is excess _
|
Collagen deposition
|
|
Most common initial sign of systemic sclerosis
|
Raynaud phenomenon
|
|
What type of antibodies are present with systemic sclerosis
|
Anti-topoisomerase antibodis
|
|
What does CREST syndrome stand for
|
Calcinosis
Raynauds phenomenon Esophageal dysfunction Sclerodactyly Telangiectasia |
|
In dermatomyositis and polymyositis there is increased _
|
Serum creatine kinase
|
|
Im MCTD (mixed connective tissue disease) what kind of antibodies are present
|
Anti RNP antibodies
|
|
Most common congenital immunodefficiency
|
IgA defficiency
|
|
Most common acquired immunodefficiency disease worldwide
|
AIDS
|
|
Pediatric AIDS is mostly due to _ transmission
|
Vertical (mother to child)
|
|
HIV is cytotoxic to what type of cells? which immunity is lost?
|
CD4 T cells
Loss of cell mediated immunity |
|
Which protein is detected in ELISA test screen for HIV
|
anti gp 120
|
|
Which test confirms HIV
|
Western blot
|
|
Which cells are reservoir cells for HIV
|
Follicular dendritic cells in lymph nodes
|
|
Most common CNS fungal infection in AIDS
|
Cryptococcosis
|
|
Most common malignancy in AIDS
|
Kaposis sarcoma
|
|
Most common cause of blindness in AIDS
|
CMV
|
|
In hereditary angioedema there is defficiency of what?
|
C1 esterase inhibitor
|
|
Which protein exhibits apple green birefringence in polarized light
|
Amyloid
|
|
Which protein is associated with Alzheimers disease in Down syndrome
|
Beta amyloid
|
|
Major cation of extracellular fluid
|
Na
|
|
Major cation of intracellular fluid
|
K
|
|
Water movement between extracellular and intracellular fluid compartments is called? What is it controlled by?
|
OSMOSIS - controlled by serum Na
|
|
Formula for calculating serum Na
|
Total body Na/ Total body water
|
|
What is the sign of volume depletion
|
Decreased total body Na
|
|
In which conditions would you see increase in total body Na
|
Pitting edema
Body cavity effusions |
|
What happens to Na in isotonic loss or gain
|
Serum Na normal
|
|
What two signs describe hypotonic disorders
|
Hyponatremia
ICF expansion |
|
In which conditions would you see pitting edema
|
Right sided heart failure
Cirrhosis Nephrotic syndrome |
|
Which signs describe hypertonic disorders
|
Hypernatremia or hyperglycemia
ICF conraction |
|
What happens to Posm and Na in hyperglycemia
|
Increased Posm
Decreased serum Na |
|
What happens to K in alkalosis
|
Shifts into cell
|
|
What happens to K in acidosis
|
Shifts out of cell
|
|
Most common cause of hypokalemia
|
Loop and thiazide diuretics
|
|
What does ECG show in hypokalemia
|
U wave
|
|
Most common cause of hyperkalemia
|
Renal failure
|
|
What does ECG show in hyperkalemia
|
Peaked T waves
|
|
What does PaCO2 have to be to diagnose respiratory acidosis
|
>45 mm Hg
|
|
What does PaCO2 have to ne to diagnose respiratory alkalosis
|
< 33 mmHg
|
|
What happens in increased anion gap metabolic acidosis
|
Anions of acid replace HCO3
|
|
What happens in normal anion gap metabolic acidosis
|
Cl anions replace HCO3
|
|
What is the level of HCO3 have to be to diagnose metabolic acidosis
|
< 22 mE/L
|
|
Most common cause of metabolic alkalosis
|
Loop and thiazide diuretics
|
|
What does HCO3 have to be to diagnose metabolic alkalosis
|
> 28 mEq/L
|
|
With _ intoxication there is often mixture of primary metabolic acidosis and primary respiratory alkalosis
|
SALICYLATE
|
|
Excess fluid in interstitial space is called _
|
EDEMA
|
|
Protein poor and cell poor fluid is called _
|
TRANSUDATE
|
|
Protein rich and cell rich fluid is called _
|
EXUDATE
|
|
Is there transudate or exudate in pitting edema? What happens to hydrostatic and oncotic pressures?
|
Transudate
Increased hydrostatic pressure Decreased oncotic pressure |
|
Most common site for venous thrombosis
|
Deep vein of lower extremity under knee
|
|
Name anticoagulants that are used for prevention of venous thrombosis
|
Warfarin and Heparin
|
|
Prevents formation of arterial thrombi
|
Aspirin
|
|
How do you prevent mixed thrombus
|
Aspirin + anticoagulant therapy
|
|
Majority of pulmonary thromboembolism originate in _
|
Femoral veins
|
|
Majority of systemic embolisms originate in _
|
Left side of the heart
|
|
Most common cause for fat embolism
|
Fracture of long bones
|
|
Signs and symptoms of amniotic fluid embolism
|
Abrupt onset dyspnea
Hypotension Bleeding (DIC) |
|
What happens in decompression sickness
|
Nitrogen gas bubbles occlude vessel lumens
|
|
Two serious potential complications of scuba diving
|
Pneumothorax and pulmonary embolism
|
|
Most common cause of hypovolemic shock
|
Blood loss
|
|
Most common cause of cardiogenic shock
|
acute MI
|
|
What happens to cardiac output in hypovolemic shock? Cardiogenic shock? septic shock?
|
Hypovolemic shock - decreased CO
Cardiogenic shock - decreased CO Septic shock - increased CO |
|
What happens to left ventricular end-diastolic pressure in hypovolemic shock? cardiogenic shock? septic shock?
|
Decreased in hypovolemic and septic shock, increased in cardiogenic shock
|
|
What happens to peripheral vascular resistance in hypovolemic shock? cardiogenic shock? septic shock?
|
Increased in cardiogenic and hypovolemic shock, decreased in septic shock
|
|
Most common cause of death in shock
|
Multiorgan failure
|
|
What type of mutation occurs with sickle cell disease/trait
|
Missense mutation
|
|
With beta thalassemia major what type of mutation
|
Nonsense mutation with stop codon
|
|
In Tay Sachs disease what type of mutation
|
Frameshift mutation
|
|
Additional trinucleotide repeats increases disease severity in future generations - this is called _
|
ANTICIPATION
|
|
Most common type of mendelian disorder
|
Autosomal recessive
|
|
Both parents must have mutant gene - what type of inheritance
|
Autosomal recessive
|
|
Enzyme defficiencies disorders usually involve what type of inheritance
|
AR
|
|
In PKU what is increased and what is decreased
|
Phenylalanine increased
Tyrosine decreased |
|
What is defficient in Von Gierkes disease
|
Glucose 6 phosphatase
|
|
Most common AR disorder
|
Hemochromatosis
|
|
Heterozygotes with dominant mutant gene express disease - type of inheritance
|
AD
|
|
Individual with mutant gene doesnt express disease - this is called
|
Reduced penetrance
|
|
Most common AD disorder
|
Von Willebrand disease
|
|
Asymptomatic female carrier transmits mutant gene to 50% of sons - what type of inheritance
|
XR
|
|
Most common x linked disorder
|
Fragile X syndrome
|
|
In which x linked inheritance femaler carriers are symptomatic
|
XD
|
|
Number of Barr bodies?
|
Number of chromosomes - 1
|
|
Unequal separation of chromosomes in meiosis is called _
|
Nondisjunction
|
|
Nondisjunction of chromosomes in mitosis is called _
|
Mosaicism
|
|
Which chromosomal defect is present in cri du chat syndrome
|
Deletion short arm chromosome 5
|
|
Most cases of Down syndrome occur due to _
|
Nondisjunction
|
|
Most common genetic cause of mental retardation
|
Down syndrome
|
|
Most important risk factor for bearing offspring with trisomy syndromes
|
Advanced maternal age
|
|
45, x caryotype is present in which condition
|
Turner syndrome
|
|
Most common genetic cause of primary amenorrhea
|
Turners syndrome
|
|
"Menopause before menarche"
|
Turners syndrome
|
|
Which hormones are decreased and which are increased in Klinefelters syndrome
|
Testosterone and inhibin decreased
LH and FSG increased |
|
Which chromosome determines genetic sex of individual
|
Y chromosome
|
|
Most common cause of pseudohermaphroditism? What is defficient in this disease?
|
Testicular feminization
Androgen receptors |
|
Most common pathogen causing congenital infection
|
CMV
|
|
Name TORCH infections
|
Toxoplasmosis
Other agents Rubella CMV Herpes simplex |
|
Most common cause of stillbirth
|
Abruptio placentae
|
|
Common cause of spontaneous abortions
|
Trisomy 16
|
|
Most common cause for large for gestational age babies
|
Maternal diabetes
|
|
Most common cause of neonatal morbidity/mortality
|
Prematurity
|
|
Triple marker for Down syndrome
|
Decreased AFP
Increased hCG Decrease in unconjugated urine |
|
Most important preventable cause of disease and death in US
|
Smoking
|
|
Do women or men have less gastric alcohol dehydrogenase and therefore reach hight alcohol levels
|
Women
|
|
Most common cause of thiamine defficiency
|
Alcohol abuse
|
|
Increased anion gap metabolic acidosis is caused by _
|
Lactic acid and beta-hydroxybutyric acid
|
|
Most common systemic complication of intravenous drug use
|
Hepatitis B
|
|
Oral contraceptives decrease risk for which cancers
|
Endometrial and ovarian
|
|
Most common cause of hypertension in young woman
|
Oral contraceptives
|
|
Most common cause of death in burn victims
|
sepsis caused by Pseudomonas
|
|
Least sensitive tissue to radiation
|
Bone
|
|
First hematological sign of total body radiation
|
Lymphopenia
|
|
Most frequent type of cancer caused by radiation
|
Acute leukemia
|
|
Which UV light is most damaging and how
|
UVB - increase in pyrimidine dimers distorts DNA helix
|
|
Most common UVB related skin cancer
|
Basal cell carcinoma
|
|
Where does carbohydrate digestion begin
|
Mouth
|
|
Where does protein digestion begin
|
Stomach
|
|
Where does fat digestion begin
|
Small intestine
|
|
What is characteristic feature of kwashiorkor
|
Pitting edema
|
|
What is characteristic feature of marasmus
|
Extreme muscle wasting
|
|
Most common cause of death in anorexia nervosa
|
Ventricular arrythmia
|
|
What is the complication caused by vomitting in bulimia nervosa
|
Hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis
|
|
Which gene is usually defective in obesity
|
Leptin gene
|
|
First sign of vitamin A defficiency
|
Night blindness
|
|
Most common cause of vitamin D defficiency
|
Renal failure
|
|
Vitamin E toxicity causes _
|
Decreased synthesis of vitamin K dependent coagulation factors
|
|
Most common cause of vitamin K defficiency in hospital
|
Broad spectrum antibiotics
|
|
Rat poison contains _ derivatives
|
Coumarin
|
|
People on corn based diets are defficient in _
|
Tryptophan and niacin
|
|
Three D's of pellagra
|
Dermatitis
Diarrhea Dementia |
|
Most common cause of vitamin B12 defficiency
|
Perncious anemia
|
|
Most common cause of folate defficiency
|
Alcohol abuse
|
|
Defficiency of ascorbic acid is called _
|
Scurvy
|
|
Poor wound healing, poor taste and perioral rash are signs of what defficiency
|
Zn
|
|
Iodide defficiency results in _
|
Multinodular goiter
|
|
Benign tumors are of what origin
|
Epithelial or connective tissue
|
|
Tumor that has derivatives of ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm is called_
|
Teratoma
|
|
Carcinomas derive from?
|
Squamous
Glandular (adenocarcinoma) Transitional epithelium |
|
Sarcoma derives from?
|
Connective tissue
|
|
Non neoplastic overgrowth of tissue is called _
|
Hamartoma
|
|
Which cancer invades tissue but doesnt metastasize
|
Basal cell carcinoma of skin
|
|
Which metastasis have greater prognostic significance - nodal or extranodal
|
Extranodal (liver, etc)
|
|
Name 3 routes of metastasis
|
Lymphatic
Hematogenic Seeding of body cavities |
|
2 types of bone metastasis
|
Osteoblastic (radiodense)
Osteolytic (radioluscent) |
|
Most common cause of cancer deaths in adults
|
Lung cancer
|
|
Precursor of squamous cell carcinoma
|
Actinic (solar) keratosis
|
|
How can you reduce risk for developing gastric lymphoma and adenocarcinoma
|
Treat H pylori
|
|
Most common type of mutation in cancer
|
Point mutation
|
|
Which genes protect from unregulated cell growth? Which are involved in normal growth and repair?
|
Suppressor genes
Proto- oncogenes |
|
What is the most effective host defense against cancer
|
Cytotoxic CD8 T cells
|
|
What is the most common cause of death in cancer
|
Gram negative sepsis
|
|
What is the most common paraneoplastic syndrome
|
Hypercalcemia
|
|
Diet derived triglyceride
|
Chylomicron
|
|
Liver derived triglyceride
|
VLDL
|
|
-transports cholesterol
|
LDL
|
|
Removes cholesterol from plaques for disposal in the liver
|
HDL
|
|
Pathognomonic lesion of atherosclerosis
|
Fibrous cap
|
|
Excellent marker of disrupted fibrous plaques
|
CRP
|
|
Most common site for atherosclerosis
|
Abdominal aorta
|
|
2 conditions associated with hyaline arteriosclerosis
|
DM
Hypertension |
|
Most common aneurysm in men>55 years of age
|
Abdominal aortic aneurysm
|
|
Rupture of aneurysm triad
|
Left flank pain
Hypotension Pulsatile mass |
|
2 conditions of aortic arch aneurysm
|
Tertiary syphillis
Vasculitis of vasa vasorum |
|
Most common cause of death in Marfan syndrome and EDS
|
Aortic dissection
|
|
Most common cause of death with aortic dissection
|
Cardiac tamponade
|
|
Symptoms and signs of small vessel vasculitis
|
Palpable purpura
|
|
Symptoms and signs of medium sized vessel vasculitis
|
Thrombosis
Aneurysm formation |
|
Most common type of hypertension
|
Essential hypertension
|
|
Most common cause of secondary hypertension
|
Renovascular hypertension
|
|
Ventricular hypertrophy occurs due to_
|
Increased afterload or increased preload
|
|
Pulmonary edema is seen in which heart failure
|
Left
|
|
First cardiac sign of LHF
|
S3
|
|
Increases intensity for left sided heart murmurs and abnormal heart sounds
|
Expiration
|
|
Increases intensity of right sided heart murmurs and abnormal heart sounds
|
Inspiration
|
|
Inrease in venous hydrostatic pressure occurs in which heart failure
|
Right
|
|
Most common manifestation of CAD
|
Angina pectoris
|
|
Subendocardial ischemia with ST segment depression is what type of angina
|
Stable
|
|
Vasospasm with transmural ischemia and ST segment elevation is what type of angina
|
Prinzmetals angina
|
|
Most common cause of death in acute MI
|
Ventricular fibrillation
|
|
Most common cause of death in CHF
|
Ventricular aneurysm
|
|
Gold standard for diagnosis of acute MI
|
Cardiac troponin I and T
|
|
ECG findings in acute MI
|
Inverted T waves, elevated ST segments, Q waves
|
|
Stimuli for EPO
|
Hypoxemia
Left-shifted OBC High altitude |
|
Where is EPO synthesized?
|
In endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries
|
|
Measure of effective erythropoiesis, corrected for the degree of anemia
|
Reticulocyte count
|
|
Extramedullary hematopoiesis most often occurs where?
|
In liver and spleen
|
|
What happens to Hb, Hct and RBC count in thalassemia
|
Hb, Hct decreased
RBC count increased |
|
What happens to RDW in iron defficiency
|
Increased
|
|
End product of heme degradation in macrophage
|
Unconjugated bilirubin
|
|
What is the main source of energy in mature RBC
|
Anaerobic glycolysis
|
|
Serum ferritin is _ in iron defficiency anemia
|
Decreased
|
|
Serum ferritin is _ in ACD, iron overload disease
|
Increased
|
|
Serum iron is _ in iron defficiency, ACD
|
Decreased
|
|
Serum iron is _ in iron overload disease
|
Increased
|
|
If serum total iron binding capacity is decreased it means that transferin is _
|
Decreased
|
|
In microcytic anemia there is defect in _
|
Synthesis of Hb (heme + globin chain)
|
|
Iron defficiency most often caused by _
|
Bleeding
|
|
Most common anemia in hospitalized patients
|
ACD - anemia of chronic disease
|
|
With sideroblastic anemia there is defect in _
|
Heme synthesis in mitochondria, ringed sideroblasts
|
|
Most common cause of sideroblastic anemia
|
Alcohol
|
|
Most common cause of pyridoxine defficiency
|
Isoniazid
|
|
In lead poisoning where does lead deposit
|
Epiphyses
|
|
Most common cause of vitamin B12 defficiency
|
Pernicious anemia
|
|
Which drug inhibits intestinal conjugase
|
Phenytoin
|
|
Monoglutamate reabsorption is inhibited by _
|
Alcohol and oral contraceptives
|
|
Most common cause of folate defficiency
|
Alcohol
|