Rainforest 2

Front 1

Rubber Tree

(taxon)

Back 1

Hevea braziliensis

Front 2

Name 7 types of pharmacologically active compounds used by trees.

Back 2

tannins, lectins, terpenes, phenolics, alkaloids, alkaloid glycosides (caffeine and nicotene), protease inhibitors

Front 3

Most frequent bark exudate

Back 3

Resin

Front 4

Least frequent bark exudate

Back 4

Essential oil, yellow and red phenol, and viscous white latex

Front 5

Bitter tannins

Back 5

Tree defense: Prevent activity of digestive enzymes of herbivores

Front 6

Canavanine

Back 6

Tree defense: Replaces arginine, an amino acid, in insects

Front 7

Three effects of tree defenses that are insect hormones

Back 7

insects remain in larval stage and fail to reproduce, skip vital larval stages and become adults too early and die before reproducing, substances that interfere with molting process

Front 8

Cyanogenic glycosides

&

One example

Back 8

plant defense: hydrogen cyanide is released when bitten which shuts down insect respiration;

Anthocyanins

Front 9

Castor oil bean produces which Cyanogenic glycoside?

Back 9

Ricin

Front 10

Manioc produces which Cyanogenic glycoside?

Back 10

prussic acid

Front 11

Xylem

Back 11

transport of water and nutrients from roots to leaves; on the inside, outside heartwood

Front 12

Phloem

Back 12

transport of sugars from leaves to trunk and roots; on the outside, outside Xylem, Heartwood, but inside Bark

Front 13

Apical meristem

(chemical defenses)

Back 13

Poor chemical defenses, but some 2 degree compounds can be found in the leaves

Front 14

Bark

(chemical defenses)

Back 14

High amount of 2 degree compounds in active, toxic form; depends on health of tree, a less healthy tree has less amount of compounds

Front 15

Secondary (2°) compounds

Back 15

chemicals produced by plants that are not directly involved in growth, reproduction or other

metabolic processes

Front 16

Heartwood

(chemical defenses)

Back 16

high concentrations of 2°compounds;

cells filled with tannins, terpenes, lactones, alkaloids in most toxic forms; decays slowly due to toxicity

Front 17

For every structural or chemical defense

system in a plant, there is greater than 1 species of herbivore that has coevolved to challenge it

Back 17

if a herbivore consumes the same, low toxicity part on many types of plants, it may have some resistance to many compounds;

if a herbivore feeds on all parts of only one plant species, it may have high resistance to just one or only a few compounds

Front 18

Canavanine

(coevolution)

Back 18

bruchid beetles;

manufacture a protein-building enzyme that distinguishes between canavanine and arginine

Front 19

Rubber

(coevolution)

Back 19

rubber moth caterpillar; cuts a semicircular pattern of small holes which interrupts flow of latex to leaf margins

Front 20

Why do some neotropical plant species contain

2º defense compounds and others do not?

Back 20

Few resources mean greater protection mechanisms, harder to replace tissue means necessary to prevent herbivory

Front 21

Spot an edible fruit or seed?

Back 21

large crops of small seeds; fruit has hard nut wall around it, dispersed by rodents that also consume it or wind dispersed

Front 22

Spot an inedible fruit or seed?

Back 22

from trees that produce small crops of large seeds only once a year or less; large, soft seeds laying on the forest floor or seeds regurgitated by a large bird

Front 23

Figs

(taxon)

Back 23

Moraceae, Ficus

Front 24

Figs & fig wasps

(pollination)

Back 24

every species of Ficus is pollinated by its own species of fig wasp

Front 25

Fig wasp

(taxonomy)

Back 25

Blastophaga

Front 26

Male fig wasps

Back 26

die, never having left the fruit they were born in

Front 27

Female fig wasps

Back 27

Fly to another fig pseudo-fruit and deposit eggs in gall flower

Front 28

Fig parasites

Back 28

Inquiline, deposit eggs in gall flowers without entering pseudo-fruit and therefore not pollinating it.

Front 29

Amazon water lily

(taxonomy)

Back 29

Victoria amazonica

Front 30

Scarab beetle

(taxonomy)

Back 30

Cyclocephala sp

Front 31

Scarab beetle and water lily co-evolution

Back 31

Cyclocephala sp and Victoria amazonica; beetles move from old, pollinated flower to new flower based on color; new flowers are white old ones are purple

Front 32

Myrmecophytes

Back 32

Ant-plants

Front 33

myrmecodomatia

Back 33

Ant houses

Front 34

Myrmecophytes

(strategy)

Back 34

Plant-then-ant strategy

(coevolution)

Front 35

Non-myrmecophytes

(strategy)

Back 35

Ant-then-plant strategy; grow preferentially on ant nests; create ant gardens

(no coevolution)

Front 36

Ant plant of forest interior

(taxonomy)

Back 36

Melastomataceae

Front 37

Ant plant of forest edge

(taxonomy)

Back 37

Cecropia

Front 38

Ant plant emergent

(taxonomy)

Back 38

Inga

Front 39

Primary Myrmecodomatia

Back 39

Hollow plant parts, often stems or petioles

Front 40

Secondary Myrmecodomatia

Back 40

Pouches or folds, often in leaves/leaf bases

Front 41

Bead bodies

Back 41

Food for Azteca supplied by Cecropia as bead bodies that supply glucose

Front 42

Mullerian bodies

Back 42

From cecropia, supply glycogen to Azteca ants

Front 43

Prostoma

Back 43

Between Azteca ants and Cecropia trees, holes that lead to hollow trunk interior

Front 44

Septum

Back 44

Between Azteca ants and Cecropia trees, dividers of the hollow trunk interior

Front 45

How ants benefit myrmecophytes

Back 45

Provide nutrients and rooting substrate, Kill or ward off plant enemies

Front 46

Order Isopoda

Back 46

pillbugs, sowbugs

Front 47

Class Arachnida

Back 47

spiders, mites and ticks

Front 48

Arachnida escape techniques

Back 48

Drop appendages, noxious chemicals

Front 49

Spiders

Back 49

very few, if any, coevolutionary relationships with other organisms

Front 50

Goliath tarantula

(taxon)

Back 50

Theraphosa blondi

(not arboreal; bird-eating terrestrial)

Front 51

Tarantula defenses

Back 51

jump, rear back and hiss, flick irritating abdominal hairs

Front 52

Types of spiders

(general)

Back 52

wolf, silk (orb), and violin

Front 53

Mites, ticks and chiggers

(2 types)

Back 53

free living: soil, vegetation (sapsuckers), gall formers, scavengers in nests and burrows

ectoparasitic: follicle mites, blood

suckers

Front 54

Pedipalpal spines

Back 54

On Tailless whip scorpions, basket for catching prey

Front 55

Tailless whip scorpions

(taxonomy)

Back 55

Phrynus, defends by pinching

Front 56

Springtails

Back 56

diverse taxa, very abundant; forked appendage under abdomen that can propel animal upward; inhabit forest floor litter as decomposers or consume fungi

Front 57

dragonflies, damselflies

(taxonomy)

Back 57

Odonata

Front 58

grasshoppers

(taxonomy)

Back 58

Orthoptera

Front 59

mantids

(taxonomy)

Back 59

Mantodea

Front 60

walking sticks

(taxonomy)

Back 60

Phasmatodea

Front 61

termites

(taxonomy)

Back 61

Isoptera

Front 62

True bugs

(taxonomy)

Back 62

Hemiptera

Front 63

flies, mosquitoes, gnats

(taxonomy)

Back 63

Diptera

Front 64

butterflies, moths

(taxon)

Back 64

Lepidoptera

Front 65

beetles

(taxonomy)

Back 65

Coleoptera

Front 66

ants, bees, wasps

(taxonomy)

Back 66

Hymenoptera

Front 67

fogging experiments by Terry Erwin

Back 67

estimated 30 million insect species

Front 68

Erwin # species beetles on one tree

Back 68

955

Front 69

Erwin beetles

(eating specificity)

Back 69

13.5% of the beetles were monophagous

(obtains food from one tree species exclusively)

Front 70

Erwin came up with # of amazon species?

Grand Total:

Back 70

multiplied estimated total number of herbivores

by the estimated number of total tree species + fungivores, predators and other insects

30 million species

Front 71

endemicity

Back 71

Being from a place in the evolutionary sense, having been there for entire evolutionary history

Front 72

Most insect diversity in?

Back 72

Floating grass meadows, canopy

Front 73

Phytophages

Back 73

herbivores

Front 74

Name 8 feeding strategies of herbivore insects

Back 74

leaf eaters, wood eaters, diatom grazers, lichen browsers, fern feeders, gall makers, leaf miners, wood borers

Front 75

Saprophages

Back 75

feed on leaf litter on the forest floor

Front 76

Necrophages

Back 76

consume dead/dying animal and plant material

Front 77

Coprophages

Back 77

consume fecal matter

Front 78

Other than Necrophages, Coprophages, and Saprophages what are insect feeding strategies? (6 of them)

Back 78

Predators, parasites, parasitoids, specialists (hair follicle mites, gardener ants), kleptoparasites, sucking insects

Front 79

"Heap"

Back 79

Termite mound that has fallen off of the main tree mound and rests at the bottom; a dying colony

Front 80

Phasmatodea: walking / jumping

sticks

(defense behaviors)

Back 80

Rocking motions, dropping or flight, catalepsy, wing rattling, fighting with legs, release of pungent or toxic chemicals (ethyl ether or orthoformic acid)

Front 81

differences between moths and butterflies

Back 81

moths nocturnal, butterflies diurnal; moths’ wings flat at rest, butterflies folded back; butterfly antennae end in knob

Front 82

Two-barred Flasher

Back 82

Common adult butterfly appearance, may have 10 different species due to caterpillar differences.

Front 83

Hymenoptera

(details)

Back 83

Only insects with stingers

Front 84

Coevolution between wasps and birds?

(taxon)

Back 84

Wasp: oropendulas

Bird: caciques

Front 85

Amazon ant colony strategies

Back 85

excavations, arboreal nests, woven silk nests, myrmecophytes, carton nests

Front 86

Giant hunting ants (bullet ants)

Back 86

Often used in coming-of-age rituals

Front 87

Bivouac

Back 87

Stationary mass of ants surrounding queen, eggs and pupae (Army ants)

Front 88

Army ants nomadic phase

Back 88

~17 days

Front 89

Ant birds

Back 89

Attracted during the nomadic army ant phase where there is a swarm front in order to eat fleeing insects

Front 90

Leaf-cutter ants

(taxonomy)

Back 90

Atta

Family Formicidae

Front 91

Atta castes

Back 91

Forager, cutter, cultivator, fungus monitors, gardeners, guard soldiers

Front 92

Terricolous

Back 92

Land-based

Front 93

Arboricolous

Back 93

Tree-based

Front 94

9 ways to escape a flood - insects

Back 94

1) horizontal migration (up bank)

2) vertical migration (up tree)

3) flight to upland forest

4) naturally avaliable retreats (bubbles under log)

5) self-made retreats (bubbles insect creates under log)

6) be an egg

7) have active stages underwater

8) migratory arboricolous

9) non-migratory arboricolous

Front 95

Dominant taxa in canopy

Back 95

bees, ants, adult flies

Front 96

Dominant taxa in tree trunks

Back 96

springtails and mites

Front 97

Dominant taxa in floodplain forest floor

Back 97

mites, springtails, ants, centipedes

Front 98

Characins

(taxon)

Back 98

Characiformes

Front 99

Catfish

(taxon)

Back 99

Siluriformes

Front 100

Electric fishes

(taxon)

Back 100

Gymnotiformes

Front 101

archaic fishes

(taxon)

Back 101

Osteoglossiformes

Front 102

cichlids

(taxon)

Back 102

Perciformes

Front 103

How many species of fish in Amazon?

Back 103

3000

Front 104

ostariophysan fish

Back 104

fish with a Weberian apparatus; 90% of amazon fish

Front 105

Weberian apparatus

Back 105

conducts sound from swim bladder to inner ear

Front 106

piranhas, pacus, tetras

(taxon)

Back 106

Characidae

Front 107

headstanders

(taxon)

Back 107

Anostomidae

Front 108

trairas

(taxon)

Back 108

Erythrinidae

Front 109

dog fishes

(taxon)

Back 109

Cynodontidae

Front 110

hatchet fishes

(taxon)

Back 110

Gasteropelecidae

Front 111

jaraquis

(taxon)

Back 111

Prochilodontidae

Front 112

What type of teeth do tambaqui, matrinchão, tetras, and pacu have?

Back 112

broad, molar-like teeth, adapted to crush seeds

Front 113

What type of teeth do piranhas have?

Back 113

sharp, pointed teeth, adapted to masticate seeds

Front 114

Piranhas (specifically)

(taxon)

Back 114

Serrasalmus, Pygocentrus (fruit, flesh)

Front 115

tambaquis (specifically)

(taxon)

Back 115

Colossoma

Front 116

pacus (specifically)

(taxon)

Back 116

Mylossoma, Myleus (fruit, seeds)

Front 117

Red-bellied piranha

(taxon)

Back 117

Pygocentrus serrulatus

Front 118

Black piranha

(taxon)

Back 118

Serrasalmus rhombeus

Front 119

Tambaqui

(taxon)

Back 119

Colossoma macropomum

Front 120

Pacu

(taxon)

Back 120

Mylossoma sp

Front 121

Silver dollar

(taxon)

Back 121

Myleus sp

Front 122

Short tailed trout tetra

(taxon)

Back 122

Brycon brevicada

Front 123

Amazon sardines

(taxon)

Back 123

Triportheus spp

Front 124

Headstander (specific one)
(taxon)

Back 124

Common name: Aracu

Scientific: Leporinus sp

Front 125

Traira

(taxon)

Back 125

Hoplias malabaricus

Front 126

Wolf fish

(taxon)

Back 126

Hydrolycus sp

Front 127

Hatchet fishes

(taxon)

Back 127

Carnegiella sp

Front 128

Jaraqui

(taxon)

Back 128

Semaprochilodus sp

Front 129

Siluriform families

(taxon) (catfishes)

Back 129

Loricariidae, Pimelodidae, Doradidae, Callichthyidae, Cetopsidae, Trichomecteridae

Front 130

odontodes

Back 130

dermal teeth, classic loricariidae

Front 131

Piracatinga or pintadinho

(taxon)

Back 131

Family pimalodidae

Callophysus sp

Front 132

Mandi

(taxon)

Back 132

Pimelodus sp

Front 133

Surubim or tiger shovelnose catfish

(taxon)

Back 133

Pseudoplatystoma sp

Front 134

Pirarara (red-tailed catfish)

(taxon)

Back 134

Phractocephalus sp

Front 135

Armored catfish

(taxon)

Back 135

Plecostomus sp

Front 136

Cory catfish

(taxon)

Back 136

Corydoras sp

Front 137

Cetopsis candiru

Back 137

Often confused with parasitic candiru-açu; feed on large aquatic insects

Front 138

Candiru-açu, vampire fish

(taxon)

Back 138

Vandellia cirrhosa

Front 139

Pirarucu

(taxon)

Back 139

Arapaima gigas

Front 140

Aruana

(taxon)

Back 140

Osteoglossum bicirrhosum

Front 141

Peacock bass (tucunaré)

(taxon)

Back 141

Cichla ocellaris, C. temensis

Front 142

Fish diet: White water

Back 142

in white water as the water rises few fish eat other fish, as the water falls more fish eat other fish

Front 143

Most hypoxia tolerant species

Back 143

Hoplias marabaricus

Front 144

Least hypoxia tolerant species

Back 144

Serrasalmus