Radiology Chest

Front 1

What are the main indications for CT of the chest (mnemonic)?

Back 1

CAAAT E
Cancer
Aorta eval
Airway
Ambiguity (CXR ambiguous)
trauma (esp. blunt or penetrating)

Effusion

Front 2

What sorts of aorta evaluation is CT good for?

Back 2

PE, aneurysm, dissection, stenoses, AVM, stent evaluation, CHD

Front 3

What sorts of airway evaluation is CT good for?

Back 3

infection
air trapping
bronchiectasis
airway tumor

Front 4

Name the CT characteristics of pulmonary fibrosis.

Back 4

"ground glass"
reticular opacities
HONEYCOMBING
traction bronchiectasis

Front 5

Name the CT signs of pulmonary arterial hypertension

Back 5

enlarged pulmonary arteries and outflow tract
rapid tapering of peripheral vessels
"pruned tree" pattern

Front 6

What are the main causes of PRECAPILLARY pulmonary hypertension?

Back 6

L to R shunt
thromboembolism
nonthrombotic embolization
chronic hypoxia
pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis

Front 7

What are the main causes of POSTCAPILLARY pulmonary hypertension?

Back 7

left sided cardiovascular disease (e.g., mitral valve stenosis)
extrinsic pulmonary venous compression
fibrosing mediastinitis
pulmonary veno-occlusive dz

Front 8

What is the "tree in bud" nodular opacities suggestive of?

Back 8

bronchiolitis?

Front 9

What are some causes of pneumomediastinum?

Back 9

Boerhaave's (esophageal rupture)
High ventilatory pressure-->barotrauma-->alveolar rupture

Front 10

What is the relation between pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum?

Back 10

Pneumothorax can RESULT from rupture of mediastinal air into the pleural sternal space, but ptx does not usually CAUSE pneumomediastinum.

Front 11

What are 5 patterns of lung infection

Back 11

lobar pneumonia
bronchopneumonia
infectious nodules
cavitary lesions
diffuse opacities

Front 12

In lobar pneumonia, the infection largely involves what area?

Back 12

alveolus

Front 13

Lobar pneumonia spreads to adjacent lung segments through what openings?

Back 13

pores of Kohn
canals of Lambert

Front 14

t/f Bronchi are not involved in lobar pneumonia.

Back 14

true

Front 15

Is there typically volume loss in lobar pneumonia?

Back 15

no

Front 16

What is the XR/CT sign of lobar pneumonia?

Back 16

wedge shaped opacity demarcated by chest wall and fissures

Front 17

Bronchopneumonia primarily affects what area of the lung?

Back 17

bronchi and adjacent alveoli

Front 18

How does bronchpneumonia spread to adjacent lung segments?

Back 18

bronchial spread

Front 19

What are the XR signs of bronchopneumonia?

Back 19

patchy opacities

Front 20

infectious nodules: what are some common fungal pathogens?

Back 20

Histo
Aspergillus
Cryptococcus
Coccidioides

Front 21

infectious nodules: what are some common bacterial pathogens?

Back 21

Legionella
Nocardia

Front 22

Legionella typically causes what kind of Xray sign?

Back 22

infectious nodules

Front 23

Nocardia typically causes what kind of Xray sign?

Back 23

infectious nodules

Front 24

infectious nodules: what is a common pathogen of septic emboli?

Back 24

S. aureus

Front 25

What are some causes of cavitary lesions (mnemonic)?

Back 25

WEIRD HOLES
Wegeners
Embolic
Infectious
Rheumatoid
Developmental cysts
Histoplasmosis
Oncologic
Lymphangiomyomatosis
Environmental
Sarcoidosis

Front 26

What is the usual appearance of primary TB?

Back 26

lower lobe consolidation; lobar

Front 27

What is the usual appearance of reactivation TB?

Back 27

upper lobe cavitary

Front 28

What is the usual Xray appearance of PCP?

Back 28

hazy/patchy infiltrates, often bilateral

Front 29

What are the four forms of aspergillosis?

Back 29

noninvasive
invasive
allergic
chronic necrotizing

Front 30

What is the most common form of aspergillosis?

Back 30

noninvasive (from pre-existing cavity)

Front 31

What is the early appearance of chronic necrotizing aspergillosis?

Back 31

thick walled cavitation in immunocompromised host

Front 32

Which type of aspergillosis is rapidly lethal?

Back 32

invasive

Front 33

What is the "halo sign" suggestive of?

Back 33

invasive aspergillosis

Front 34

What are the CXR signs of bronchogenic carcinoma?

Back 34

spiculated, irregular borders
hilar or mediastinal lymphadenopathy
cavitation
post-obstructive atelectasis

Front 35

What are the main types of bronchogenic carcinoma?

Back 35

adenocarcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
small cell carcinoma
large call carcinoma

Front 36

Non-bronchogenic carcinoma consists of what types?

Back 36

lymphoma
mets
sarcoma (rare)

Front 37

What is the most common type of lung cancer?

Back 37

adenocarcinoma (40% of total)

Front 38

What is the characteristic appearance of adenocarcinoma of the lung?

Back 38

multilobulated, peripheral mass

Front 39

What is the charcteristic appearance of squamous cell lung cancer?

Back 39

central, hilar mass arising from bronchus

Front 40

Which type of lung cancer most frequently cavitates?

Back 40

squamous cell

Front 41

What is the characteristic appearance of large cell lung cancer?

Back 41

large, peripheral mass

Front 42

What is the characteristic appearance of lung mets?

Back 42

nodular

Front 43

What are four characteristics that make a lung tumor unresectable?

Back 43

invasion of mediastinum
contralateral lymphadenopathy (hilar, mediastinal) or any supraclavicular LA
malignant pleural effusion
distant mets

Front 44

What is the most common location of lung cancers missed by radiologists?

Back 44

upper lobes, esp RUL

Front 45

What are the 4 main anterior mediastinal masses?

Back 45

4Ts:
thymoma
thyroid
teratoma (seminoma, germinoma, etc)
terrible lymphoma

Front 46

What are the main posterior mediastinal masses?

Back 46

nerve sheath tumors (schwannoma, neurofibroma)
sympathetic ganglia tumors (neuroblastoma, paraganglioma)
paraspinal masses (mets)

aneurysms can also show up on imaging as a mimic mass