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82 Cards in this Set
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Pedal osteitis |
-non infectious -variant of chronic laminitis -remodeling and demineralization of solar margin -widening of vascular channels |
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pedal osteitis RS |
-discrete circular radiolucencies in palmar processes -widening of vascular channels -irregular and radiolucent solar margin; large areas can be resorbed -remodeling of solar margin -> loses smooth, opaque outline due to demineralization -remodeling of dorsodistal p3 which curves proximally (ski tip on lm view) -mineralization of dorsal wall of p3 (lm view) |
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infectious osteitis is/ rs |
-associated w/solar absecesses, penetrating wounds -demineralization of solar margin and dorsal aspect of p3 -discrete areas of lysis in p3 w/irregular margins -gas can be present in st -uncommon surrounding sclerosis -poss sequestrum formation |
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laminitis is best viewed and will see |
LM -if acute, will look normal -dorsal aspect of p3 should be parallel to hoof wall -thickness of dorsal ST normal should be 17-19mm |
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laminitis acute changes |
-thicknening of dorsal ST (>20mm is abnorm) -separation of p3 from hoof wall (loss of parallel alignment btwn dorsal wall of hoof and dorsal wall of distal phalanx) -linear radiolucency btwn dorsal p3 and hoof wall or sole (air dissecting btwn hoof wall and laminar corium -> necrosis) |
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laminitis chronic changes |
-palmar/plantar displacement of p3 (rotation) -distal displacement of p3 within hoof (sinking) -> st swell @ coronary band + depression above it -penetration of sole in severe cases osteitis signs -inc size and # of vascular channels -vascular channels extend to dorsal margins of p3 on lm view -inc # of end-on channels on 65 DP view -dec opacity and inc coarse trabeculation w/in p3 -new bone production along dorsal aspect of p3 -marginal chip fractures (type 6) |
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degenerative joint dz of distal interphlangeal jt (low ringbone) RS |
-remodeling of extensor process -perarticular osteophytes on articular margins of p2 and p3 -subchondral bone sclerosis and/or lucency -incongruity of jt surface |
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ossification of lateral cartilages (side bones) are |
-common esp in draft horses -incidental finding |
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ossification of lateral cartilages RS |
best on horizontal DP -separate centers of ossifications can be present--ossifcation starts at the base of cartilage and advances proximally -extends above extensor process |
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navicular degeneration RS |
-abnorm distal border --inc # (>7) and size of synovial invaginations --abnorm shape of synovial invaginations (lollipops or mushrooms) --small osseous frag -abnorm margins --invaginations on lateral, medial and proximal borders always abnorm --enthesophytes (spurs) on extremities -cyst like lesions within medulla -sclerosis (lose distinction btwn cortex and medulla) -erosion of flexor surface - thinning of flexor surface and flattening of sagittal ridge |
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navicular osteomyelitis cause |
secondary to penetrating wound into navicular bursa (st nail) -navicular bursitis |
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navicular osteomyelitis early rs |
no rxn abnorm -fistulography to outline draining tract -signs take 6+ wks to show on rads |
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navicular osteomyelitis late rs |
-lysis and sclerosis of flexor surface -lysis of navicular body -ligamentous instability (distal sesamoidean impair lig, distal interphalangeal jt) |
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DJD ringbone rs |
-periarticular osteophyte production -jt space narrow and collapse -subchondral bone erosion and sclerosis -intracapsular st swelling (jt effusion, synovial proliferation and capsular thickening) |
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high ringbone is what jt |
pastern jt (proximal interphalangeal jt) |
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low ringbone is what jt |
coffin jt (distal interphalangeal jt) |
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mid-sagittal fractures are common in |
-p1 (thoroughbred) -possible in p2 -2 radiolucent lines -often spiral --both jts affected --from one jt exiting through a cortex --incomplete articular |
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Villonodular synovitis rs |
best seen dorsal to fetlock on lm view -chronic proliferative synovitis --inc st opacity -remodeling of dorsodistal mc3 -supracondylar lysis -arthrography will delineate st mass -flex lm view -us |
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swelling palmar/plantar of fetlock (metacarpo/tarso phalangeal jt) rs |
-distension of digital tendon sheath -depression in palmar/plantar aspect of swelling may indicated constriction by annular lig -us |
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fetlock ocd of sagittal ridge of mc/mt 3 |
-juvenile animals, failure of endochondral ossification -dorsally, proximal 3rd ridge -flattening, irregularity and/or frag -may involve all 4 feet -best seen on flexed lm |
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fetlock ocd of palmar/plantar aspect of mc/mt 3 condyle rs |
-flattening and sclerosis of condyle -radiolucency and frag -adult animals -125 dp view -traumatic etiology: microfractures of subchondral bone due to repeated stress in the area |
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p1 frag: type 1 @ |
-proximal end of proximal phalanx -just medial or lateral to sagittal groove -initially reported as avulsions, then appear to be ocd |
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p1 frag: type 2 @ |
from wing of proximal phalanx |
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p1 frag: type 3 @ |
basilar fractures of sesamoid bones |
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proximal sesamoidean fractures can be located at |
apical mid-body basilar abaxial sagittal |
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apical proximal sesamoidean fractures rs |
articular or non-articular -if less than 1/3 of bone involved, respond well to sx -best prognosis -limited effect on supporting structures |
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mid-body proximal sesamoidean fractures rs |
articular -poor prognosis even w/tx (internal fixation) --split sesamoid in half, wrecks stay apparatus -more severe effect on supporting structures |
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basilar proximal sesamoidean fractures rs |
articular -guarded prognosis -involve attachment sites of suspensory apparatus and distal sesamoidean lig -conservative tx -sx tx causes considerable st disruption |
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abaxial proximal sesamoidean fractures rs |
-avulsion from suspensory lig attachment -guarded prognosis |
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sagittal proximal sesamoidean fractures rs |
-often w/lateral condylar fracture of mc/mt 3 -guarded prognosis |
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lateral mc/mt 3 condylar fractures rs |
lateral > medial condyle -articular -racehorses (throughbred, stdbred, QH) |
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fracture adjacent to sagittal ridge of mc/mt 3 rs |
incomplete w/minimal displacement -extends proximally in the diaphysis (medial) -complete breaking through the cortex 4-6cm proximal to articular surface |
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sesamoiditis info |
non-infectious process -strain of suspensory lig and distal sesamoidean lig --enthesopathy |
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sesamoiditis rs |
-inc opacity of proximal sesamoids w/prominent radiolucent vascular channels -severe, chronic cases: --abundant new bone proliferation on axial and abaxial surfaces of sesamoids -mineralization in suspensory lig -us |
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osteopenia info |
bone atrophy 2ndary to generalized metabolic bone dz or disuse -changes recognized early in proximal sesamoid bone -dec radiopacity -inc coarse trabecular appearance |
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metacarpal/tarsal (mc/mt 3 = cannon bone) periostitis from direct trauma |
-inflammation of periosteum and/or subperiosteal hematoma -new bone production usually non detectable for at least 14d -more opaque and smooth as it matures -quiescent in 6-12 wks |
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metacarpal/tarsal periostitis - bucked shins |
in response to microfractures (bucked shins) -cyclic loading of immature mc3 (cant see on rads) -fatigue microfractures in mid-distal 3rd of mc3 -periosteal and endosteal response |
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metacarpal/tarsal periostitis - splints |
btwn mc 2 & 3 and mc 4 & 3 (splints) -damage to interosseous lig -localized to proximal 3rd of bone -periosteal rxn becomes more opaque and solid w/time |
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metacarpal/tarsal periostitis - saucer |
stress fractures -mid portion of dorsal cortex -radiolucent fracture line --crescent shaped saucer fracture -periosteal and endosteal response -take oblique view at q5 degree angle -bone scan |
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splint fractures |
-mc/t 2 or 4 -external trauma -comminuted and prone to infection -mid to distal 3rd of mc/mt 3 --associated w/suspensory desmitis --us --assess carefully proximal sesamoids --frag removed or left in situ -> callus interferes w/suspensory |
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splint fractures can result in damage to |
collateral support of carpus/tarsus --sx stabilization to avoid carpal/tarsal instability |
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sequesterum |
-radiopaque frag of cortical bone which lost its blood supply and is surrounded by a radiolucent halo -thin layer of tissue protects mc/mt 3 -prone to damage/infection following st and periosteal injury -thick dorsal cortex predisposed to sequestrum formation in the outer 1/3 --trauma can eliminate periosteal blood suppy --only medullary vessels left |
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sequestrum (dead bone frag) rs |
soft tissue irregularity, gas w/in st -linear radiolucencies w/in cortex after 7-14d -sequestrum formation: --sequestrum --involucrum (on sides; margin of sclerotic bone bordering sequestrum) -cloaca (drain; opening in the involucrum) -periosteal proliferation proximal and distal to sequestrum |
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3rd carpal bone sclerosis |
-thoroughbred and standardbred in training (racehorse) --adaptive remodeling -radial fossa --loss of distinction btwn cortex and medulla --compare w/4th carpal bone -skyline view |
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carpal chip fracture |
small frag from periarticular margins @ -dorsodistal radius -dorsomedial radial cb, proximally and distally -radial fossa of 3rd cb -proximal aspect of radial and intermediate cb -flexed lm, oblique, skyline |
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Carpal slab fractures |
axially directed fractures that involve proximal and distal articular surface -oriented proximal to distal --dorsal aspect of 3rd cb --dorsal aspect of 4th or radial cb -lm view |
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carpal corner fracture |
a subtype of chip fracture -larger than chip fractures |
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angular limb deformites - physitis |
-not septic process -asymmetric physeal growth results in limb angulation -irregular, wide physis -lipping medially and laterally |
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angular limb deformites - cuboidal bone dz |
-young foals, premature or twins -small, rounded, incompletely mineralized carpal bones -can become malformed and collapse as a result of weight bearing |
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tarsal bone collapse |
analogous to cuboidal bone dz in carpus -neonatal foals, older foals or young adults -tarsal bone immature, rounded of granular opacity w/fuzzy margins -excessive flexion of hock, tarsus valgus (pts out) |
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tarsal bones collapse not recognized leads to |
-weight bearing will cause compression of 3rd and central tarsal bones -compressed bones are wedged shaped -may show frag |
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tarsal ocd locations |
associated w/effusion of talocrural jt @ -intermediate ridge of tibia (DIRT - distal intermediate ridge of tibia) MOST common -medial malleolus of tibia --flattening, subchondral defects, frag -calcaneus - osseous cyst like lesion |
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tarsal djd rs |
spavin -periarticular osteophyte and entheseophyte -subchondral erosion of tarsus -jt space narrow and collapse -subchondral bone sclerosis and lysis -end result: ankylosis |
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tarsal djd info |
spur on dorsoproximal mt3 may be entheseophyte on insertion of -cranial tibial tendon -dorsal tarsometatarsal lig -NOT DJD |
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stifle ocd location |
-associated w.jt effusion -lateral trochlear ridge of femur (most common) -medial trochlear ridge of femur (or both) -articular surface of patella (worse prognosis) -medial femoral condyle (osseous cyst like lesion) -often bilateral -flattening, subchondral defects, frag |
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osseous cyst like lesion stifle location |
part of ocd complex -medial femoral condyle (most common) -lateral femoral condyle -proximal tibial epiphysis (rare) focal, geographic area of radiolucency +/- surrounding thin rim of sclerosis |
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patellar luxation rs |
lateral -min horse and foals -malformed trochlear ridges resulting in shallow trochlear groove intermittent upward fixation of patella -look for djd -remodeling of cranial surface of patella, frag, entheseophytes -best seen on flexed lm, CdCro view |
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septic arthritis is infection in |
jt |
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osteomyetlitis is infection in |
bone |
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septic arthritis and osteomyelitis is most common in |
young adults -multiple jts -hematogenous spread may occur in adult -usually associated w/trauma -iatrogenic |
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septic arthritis - osteomyelitis rs |
-periarticular st swelling -jt capsule distention (early) -irregular outline of subchondral bone -lysis of subchondral bone, w/ or w/o sclerosis -partial subchondral bone collapse -secondary osteophyte formation |
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septic arthritis - osteomyelitis type p- physeal rs |
-irregularity and widening of physis -involvement of metaphyseal and epiphyseal bone -st swelling -localization via endosteal blood supply --large metaphyseal venous sinusoids, slow flow -possible extension into jt (septic arthritis) |
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septic arthritis - osteomyelitis type e- epiphyseal rs |
-first nidus of infection in the epiphysis -direct vascular spread via epiphyseal vessels or extension from synovial fluid -progression similar to type p |
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septic arthritis - osteomyelitis type s - synovial rs |
-originates in the synovium -quickly develops into septic arthritis -localization via synovial vessels into jt capsule -usually only st swelling |
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septic arthritis cs ocd vs djd -questions to ask everytime |
-signalment - age -hx -severity of associated swelling -severity of lameness -lysis vs proliferation -aggressive or non-aggressive -location of lesion within jt |
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type 1 fracture |
non-articular fracture of palmar/planter process |
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type 2 fracture |
articular fracture extending from distal interphalangeal jt to solar margin |
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type 3 fracture |
articular, mid-sagittal fracture that divides p3 into equal parts |
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type 4 fracture |
extensor process fracture (uncommon) |
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type 5 fracture |
comminuted fracture of the body |
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type 6 fracture |
solar margin fracture, often associated w/laminitis |
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type 7 fracture |
palmar process fracture in foals |
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distal sesamoidean impair lig attaches to |
distal border of navicular bone |
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distal border of nb frag |
-associated w/distal sesamoidean impair lig -common at L and M borders of distal margin |
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body of nb fracture |
-fracture line parallel to sagittal ridge, slightly oblique to it -minimal displacement |
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multipartite nb |
-multiple ossification centers that do not fuse -minimal lameness and symmetric appearance -smooth, rounded margins w/wide radiolucent gaps btwn separate frag |
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acute fractures have |
sharp, angular margins and are associated w/intracapsular swelling -often displace away from parent bone when jt is flexed |
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chronic fractures have |
more rounded margins, +/- partially reattached to parent bone
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patella fracture |
lm -skyline to see sagittal fracture and assess comminution -frag from base of patella are displaced proximally by quads -patellar fractures associated w/trochlear ridges |
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femur fracture |
of trochlear ridge of caudal aspect of femoral condyles salter-harris of distal femoral physis |
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tibia fracture |
avulsions of tibial tuberosity (3yrs to fuse w/prox femur) of medial intercondylar eminence associated w/cruicate lig damage |
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septic arthritis - osteomyelitis type t - tarsus rs |
-generalized tarsus enlargement -major at distal tibial physis or talocrural jt -if central and 3rd tarsal bone, normal in shape but mottled lucent appearance |
