Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
X-RAY TUBES ARE USUALLY MADE OF
|
GLASS AND ARE VACUUM TUBES
|
|
|
A VACUUM IS NECESSARY SO THAT
|
PROJECTILE ELECTRONS THAT COME FROM THE CATHODE DO NOT INTERACT WITH MATTER BEFORE THEY HIT THE ANODE
|
|
|
THERE ARE TWO MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE X-RAY TUBE
|
THE CATHODE AND THE ANODE
|
|
|
THE CATHODE IS -------- CHARGED
CONSIST OF....... |
NEGATIVELY
FOCUSING CUP(S) AND FILAMENT(S) |
|
|
THE ANODE IS ---------CHARGED
CONSISTS OF....... |
POSITIVELY
THICK DISC MADE OF METAL AND IT HAS A BEVELED EDGE |
|
|
THE ANODE............AT HIGH SPEED
|
ROTATES
|
|
|
ARE PRODUCED AT THE CATHODE
|
ELECTRONS
|
|
|
DURING THE X-RAY EXPOSURE, (1)...............TRAVEL ACROSS THE TUBE FROM THE (2)............... TO THE (3).................
|
1.ELECTRONS
2.CATHODE 3.ANODE |
|
|
THE ELECTRONS TRAVEL
|
AT HALF THE SPEED OF LIGHT
|
|
|
WHEN THE ELECTRONS IMPACT ON THE ANODE
|
HEAT AND X-RAYS ARE PRODUCED
|
|
|
MOST OF THE ELECTRON-TARGET INTERACTIONS PRODUCE HEAT
|
– 99% HEAT AND ONLY 1% X-RAYS
|
|
|
THE AMOUNT OF X-RAYS PRODUCED IS DETERMINED
|
BY THE mAS AND THE kVp
|
|
|
THE ENERGY OF THE X-RAYS IS DETERMINED BY
|
THE kVp
|
|
|
THE X-RAY PHOTONS ARE EMITTED IN ALL DIRECTIONS
|
–ISOTROPICALLY
|
|
|
THE X-RAY TUBE HAS A SECTION OF GLASS THAT IS THINNER THAN THE REST OF THE TUBE
|
THE WINDOW
|
|
|
ONLY THE X-RAYS THAT TRAVEL THROUGH THE WINDOW OF THE TUBE
|
ARE USED TO EXPOSE THE PATIENT
|
|
|
THE REMAINDER OF THE X-RAY PHOTONS ARE ABSORBED BY
|
THE LEAD CASING THAT SURROUNDS THE X-RAY TUBE
|
|
|
THE X-RAYS THAT EXIT THE WINDOW THEN
|
PASS THROUGH FILTRATION
|
|
|
FILTRATION REMOVES
|
THE LOWER ENERGY X-RAY PHOTONS THAT WILL NOT ASSIST IN THE PRODUCTION OF THE IMAGE AND WOULD ONLY GIVE THE PATIENT A HIGHER DOSE OF RADIATION
|
|
|
THE X-RAY PHOTONS THEN PASS THROUGH
|
THE COLLIMATOR
|
|
|
THE COLLIMATOR IS A DEVICE WHICH
|
RESTRICTS THE SIZE OF THE X-RAY FIELD
|
|
|
THE COLLIMATOR CONSISTS OF
|
LEAD SHUTTERS AND A MIRROR AND A LIGHT
|
|
|
THE LIGHT FROM THE COLLIMATOR SHOWS
|
THE SIZE OF THE X-RAY FIELD
|
|
|
THE CENTER OF THE FIELD IS TERMED
|
THE CENTRAL RAY
|
|
|
A LARGE PLUS SIGN SHOWS ON THE BODY PART IMAGED AND THE CENTER OF THIS PLUS SIGN
|
IS THE CENTRAL RAY
|
|
|
THE X-RAY PHOTONS EXIT THE
|
COLLIMATOR AND INTERACT WITH MATTER (THE PATIENT)
|
|
|
THE X-RAY PHOTONS CAN DO THREE THINGS WHEN THE INTERACT WITH MATTER
|
#1 – X-RAY PHOTONS CAN PASS THROUGH MATTER WITHOUT ANY INTERACTION
#2 – X-RAY PHOTONS CAN BE ABSORBED BY THE MATTER #3 – X-RAY PHOTONS CAN BE SCATTERED BECAUSE OF THEIR INTERACTIONS WITH MATTER |
|
|
THOSE X-RAY PHOTONS THAT DO NOT INTERACT WITH MATTER MAY
|
CONTINUE ON AND INTERACT WITH THE FILM OR SCREENS WHICH WILL SUBSEQUENTLY LEAD TO AN IMAGE
|
|
|
THOSE PHOTONS THAT ARE ABSORBED BY MATTER CAUSE AN AREA ON THE FILM TO
|
NOT BE EXPOSED
|
|
|
EXPOSURE ON THE FILM
|
APPEARS BLACK
|
|
|
ABSENCE OF EXPOSURE
|
APPEARS WHITE
|
|
|
X-RAY PHOTONS THAT ARE SCATTERED MAY LATER BE
|
ABSORBED BY THE PATIENT’S MATTER OR MAY BE ABSORBED BY THE GRID OR MAY INTERACT WITH THE FILM
|
|
|
SCATTER RADIATION THAT INTERACTS WITH THE FILM WILL
|
LEAD TO THE IMAGE BEING TOO GRAY
|
|
|
THOSE X-RAY PHOTONS THAT EXIT THE PATIENT (X-RAYS THAT PASS WITHOUT INTERACTION AND SCATTERED X-RAYS)
|
WILL THEN USUALLY PASS THROUGH A GRID
|
|
|
A GRID IS A DEVICE THAT IS MADE UP OF
|
MANY THIN LEAD LINES
|
|
|
THE GRID IS USED TO
|
REDUCE SCATTER RADIATION
|
|
|
THE STRAIGHT (GOOD) X-RAYS WILL
|
PASS BETWEEN THE LEAD LINES
|
|
|
WHERE AS THE SCATTERED X-RAYS WILL
|
BE ABSORBED BY THE LEAD
|
|
|
SOME OF THE STRAIGHT X-RAYS WILL
|
ALSO HIT THE LEAD LINES
|
|
|
WHEN A GRID IS USED THE DOSAGE TO THE PATIENT IS
|
INCREASED
|
|
|
A GRID, HOWEVER, IS NECESSARY TO
|
REDUCE THE SCATTER RADIATION SO THAT IMAGE QUALITY IS IMPROVED
|
|
|
AFTER THE STRAIGHT X-RAYS PASS THROUGH THE GRID THEY INTERACT WITH THE (3)
|
CASSETTE, SCREENS, AND FILM
|
|
|
THE CASSETTE IS A DEVICE THAT CONTAINS (2)
|
THE INTENSIFYING SCREENS AND THE FILM
|
|
|
THE CASSETTE ALSO PROTECTS THE FILM FROM
|
VISIBLE LIGHT
|
|
|
THE INTENSIFYING SCREENS ARE IN CONTACT WITH
|
BOTH SIDES OF THE X-RAY FILM
|
|
|
THE PURPOSE OF THE INTENSIFYING SCREENS IS TO
|
INTENSIFY THE EFFECT OF THE X-RAY RADIATION
|
|
|
THE X-RAY PHOTONS INTERACT WITH
|
THE SCREENS
|
|
|
THE SCREENS PRODUCE
|
VISIBLE LIGHT OF A SPECIFIC SPECTRUM
|
|
|
ONE X-RAY PHOTON MAY PRODUCE MORE THAN ..........
|
500 LIGHT PHOTONS
|
|
|
BOTH LIGHT PHOTONS AND X-RAY PHOTONS
|
EXPOSE THE FILM
|
|
|
THE USE OF SCREENS GREATLY REDUCES THE AMOUNT OF (2)
|
1.X-RAY PHOTONS NEEDED
2.DOSAGE OF RADIATION TO THE PATIENT |
|
|
THE LIGHT PHOTONS AND X-RAY PHOTONS CAUSE A CHEMICAL CHANGE IN(1)............AND (2)............ARE FORMED
|
1.THE EMULSION OF THE FILM
2.LATENT IMAGES |
|
|
TO PRODUCE A VISIBLE IMAGE
|
THE FILM NEEDS TO BE PROCESSED
|
|
|
THE AUTOMATIC PROCESSOR CONSISTS OF FOUR MAIN SECTIONS
|
1. DEVELOPING TANK
2. FIXING TANK 3. WASH TANK 4. DRYER TANK |
|
|
DEVELOPING TANK
|
CONSISTS OF DEVELOPING SOLUTION WHICH CAUSES THE LATENT IMAGE TO BECOME THE MANIFEST IMAGE
|
|
|
FIXING TANK
|
FIXING AGENT WILL REMOVE UNEXPOSED EMULSION FROM THE FILM AND THIS IMPROVES THE ARCHIVAL QUALITY OF THE FILMW
|
|
|
WASH TANK
|
CONSISTS OF WATER AND THE FIXING AGENT IS WASHED FROM THE FILM
IF THE FIXING AGENT IS NOT WASHED FROM THE FILM, THE FILM WILL TURN YELLOWISH BROWN |
|
|
DRYER TANK
|
THE FILM ENTERS THE PROCESSOR DRY AND EXITS THE PROCESSOR DRY
THE COMMON PROCESSING TIMES ARE 90 SECONDS AND 3 MINUTES |
|
|
MARKERS ARE EITHER PLACED
|
ON THE GRID CABINET OR ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE CASSETTE
|
|
|
MARKER WITH DOT AT THE BOTTOM IS
|
UPRIGHT
|
|
|
MARKER WITH THE DOT IN THE MIDDLE IS
|
RECUMBENT
|
|
|
FILM IDENTIFICATION (5)
|
1. FULL LEGAL NAME
2. DATE OF STUDY 3. AGE/DATE OF BIRTH 4. SEX OF PATIENT 5. FACILITY WHERE TAKEN |
|
|
LATERAL POSITIONING
|
THIS IS WHEN A SIDE OF THE PATIENT IS AGAINST THE FILM.
|
|
|
OBLIQUE VIEWS ARE NAMED FOR
|
THE SIDE CLOSEST TO THE FILM
|
|
|
TUBE TILT
|
THIS IS WHEN THE X-RAY BEAM IS ANGULATED FROM ITS NORMAL 90 DEGREE ORIENTATION WITH THE FILM
|
|
|
A-P LOWER CERVICAL VIEW REQUIRES
|
A 15 DEGREE CEPHALAD TUBE TILT
|
|
|
OPTICAL DENSITY
|
THIS IS THE BLACKNESS OF THE FILM
|
|
|
TISSUE DENSITY
|
THE GREATER THE TISSUE DENSITY THE MORE ABSORPTION OF THE X-RAY BEAM
|
|
|
THERE ARE 4 ENDOGENOUS COMMON RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITIES
|
AIR – BLACK
FAT – DARK GRAY WATER – LIGHT GRAY BONE- MEDULLARY – LIGHT GRAY CORTICAL -WHTE |
|
|
THEREIS 1 EXOGENOUS COMMON RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY
|
METAL – VERY WHITE
|
|
|
EVALUATING RADIOGRAPHS
ABCS MNEMONIC |
A – ALIGNMENT
B – BONE C – CARTILAGE (DISC AND JOINT SPACES) S – SOFT TISSUE |
|
|
EPIPHYSIS
|
– A SECONDARY GROWTH CENTER OF A LONG BONE
|
|
|
EPIPHYSEAL REGION
|
– THE TERM USED FOR THE EPIPHYSIS WHEN THE GROWTH PLATE HAS FUSED
|
|
|
PHYSIS
|
– ALSO KNOWN AS THE PHYSEAL PLATE OR GROWTH PLATE; IT IS A LUCENT BAND THAT SEPARATES THE EPIPHYSIS METAPHYSIS
|
|
|
METAPHYSIS
|
– THIS IS THE REGION BETWEEN THE EPIPHYSIS AND THE DIAPHYSIS
|
|
|
THIS REGION IS THE MOST METABOLICALLY ACTIVE REGION OF THE BONE
|
METAPHYSIS
|
|
|
MOST BONE TUMORS OCCUR IN THIS REGION
|
METAPHYSIS
|
|
|
DIAPHYSIS
|
THIS IS THE SHAFT OF THE LONG BONE
|
|
|
DIAMETAPHYSIS
|
THIS IS THE JUNCTION BETWEEN THE DIAPHYSIS AND METAPHYSIS; THERE IS NO CLEAR DIVISION POINT
|
|
|
APOPHYSIS
|
– A SECONDARY GROWTH CENTER FOR LIGAMENTOUS AND TENDINOUS ATTACHMENTS
|
|
|
BASE
|
THE PROXIMAL PORTION OF THE BONE
|
|
|
SHAFT (BODY)
|
THE DIAPHYSEAL PORTION OF THE BONE
|
|
|
HEAD
|
THE DISTAL PORTION OF THE BONE
|
|
|
USUALLY HAVE ONLY ONE EPIPHYSIS – IT MAY BE PROXIMAL OR DISTAL IN LOCATION
|
SHORT BONES
|
