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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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6 modalities of radiology
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1) Plain Radiographs (x-rays) & Fluoroscopy
2) CT Scans (CAT Scans) 3) Ultrasound 4) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 5) Nuclear Imaging |
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Order of the 5 main Radiodensities on a standard radiography (x-ray) and CT Scans?
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- Air: Black (Radiolucent)
- Fat: Gray - Water (Organ Tissue, Muscle, Skin, Blood): Intermediate radio density - Bone:White - Metal: Bright white (RadioOpaque) Metal Radiodense (radio-opaque) -bright/white |
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Attenuation
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process by which x-rays
are removed from the primary x-ray beam through absorption & scatter (i.e. blocked) film is white when exposed to xrays → dark |
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Unexposed film corresponds
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Unexposed film corresponds to high
attenuation appears bright (bone) |
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Underexposed
(underpenetrated) |
Whiter, attenuation
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Overexposed
(overpenetrated) |
Darker
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cardiac silhouette is an area of
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cardiac silhouette is an area of hyper attenuatiuon.
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what is an example of radiolucent structure on a plain film or CT?
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Air, radiolucent
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Air-Contrast Barium Enema and an Upper GI Series is an example of ?
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Fluoroscopy
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something that has high echogenicity, like calcifications apprear ____ in echocardiograms and cause "____" or "___".
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something that has high echogenicity, like calcifications apprear bright white in echocardiograms and cause "shadows" or "bands".
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what are the Standard Ambulatory Chest X-Rays?
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PA: posterior anterior
Latereal |
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Acute abdominal series
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KUB (abdominal x-ray) + CXR
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patient has Fe defiency anemia from blood loss with pencil thin stools. A barium indicates an apple core lesion or Napkin Ring Lesion. what disease is indicated?
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Colon cancer
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what test is indicated for diverticulosis or Colon cancer?
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Barium Enema
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What test is used extensively for Evaluating Metastatic Disease and in cases of Suspected Child Abuse?
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Nuclear imaging
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A patient has a Thunderclap Headache and indicates it is the Worst Headache Ever. What pathology is indicated and what test should be ordered?
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Sub-Arachnoid Hematoma/Hemorrhage
CT Scan Head Without Contrast |
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An Excellent test for for Head Trauma
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CT scan
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What is the best test for soft tissue pathologies?
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MRI
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What is the the Initial Screening Exam for Acute Intra-Cranial Pathology including Stroke, Trauma, Suspected Sub-Arachnoid Hemorrhage
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CT Scan Head Without Contrast
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What is the test of choice for a patient with Back Pain and Cancer with Suspected Epidural Spinal Cord Compression or Cauda Equina Syndrome?
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MRI
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Best option for Imaging with Suspected Metastasis
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Bone Scan
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oProcedure of Choice for Osteoporosis
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DEXA Scan: Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA)
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o99-Tc bound to phosphorus as the tracer, which accumulates in areas of increased osteoblast activity (reactive new bone formation)
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Bone Scan
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Useful to differentiate Cellulitis vs. Osteomyelitis
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Bone Scan
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used in Prostatic Metastasis
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Indium Scan
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Excellent for Congenital Hip Dysplasia
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Ultrasound
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What does PACS stand for?
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Picture Archiving and Communication System
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What is the initial test of choice for a suspected stroke?
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a. Non-Contrast CT Head Scan
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What is the most appropriate initial modality in a patient with suspected DVT?
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DVT Studies (Compression Ultra-Sonography)
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What is the most appropriate initial imaging modality in a patient with suspected Cholecystitis?
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Gallbladder Ultrasound
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Which imaging modalities have no ionizing radiation?
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MRI and Ultrasound
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Which is the best initial imaging modality in a patient with suspected Diffuse Metastasis?
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Bone Scan
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Which is the best initial imaging modality for a patient after EndoTracheal Intubation?
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pCXR (portable Chest X-Ray)
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Plain x-ray/CT: air
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Dark/black = Radiolucent
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Plain x-ray/CT: fat
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grey
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Plain x-ray/CT: bone
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white
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Plain x-ray/CT: Metal
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Bright white, Radio-opque
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An area of hyperattenuation
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Bright white area on film
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What is the commonality between pain x-ray and CT scans?
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They both use x-rays
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The radiologist you are shadowing tells you that the film is underexposed. What would you expect the color of the film to be?
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A film that is under exposed will appear whiter (normal film = white)
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What is the name of real time x-ray ("live x-ray")?
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Fluoroscopy
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Describe differences between radio-opaque and radiolucent
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Radio-opaque structures block x-rays and will appear bright white on film (metal)
Radiolucent structures |
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The radiologist you are shadowing tells you that the film is overexposed. What would you expect the color of the film to be?
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The normal film is white and when x-rays are not blocked as in the presence of air the film will be exposed and appear darker.
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Plain x-ray/CT: water
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appear light gray. Organ tissue, muscle, skin, and blood have intermediate radio density
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Will an area of HyperAttenuation on a film appear dark or bright?
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Areas of HyperAttenuation appear bright.
ex: cardiac silhouette |
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Air-Contrast Barium Enema is an example of what modality?
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Fluoroscopy
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Upper GI Series is an example of what modality?
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Fluoroscopy
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X-ray Pictures looking at Blood Vessels
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Angiography
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What is the view of a CT-scan?
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CT-scans are viewed as if you are looking up the skirt (from the feet)
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CT-scan stands for ...
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Computerized Tomography
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Nuclear Medicine method for Pulmonary Embolism
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V/Q Scan for Pulmonary Embolism (Ventilation/Perfusion Scan of Lungs)
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Nuclear Medicine method for Acute Cholecystitis
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DISIDA Scan with Di-isopropyl Iminoacetic Acid
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Nuclear Medicine method for osteoporosis
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DEXA SCAN
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1. What to do during a Code Blue & in MRI suite?
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Cyanotic patient comes in, the guy’s dying. Bring the pt OUT OF THE ROOM! Do not bring code cart into the room! The magnet is always on.
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2. What does NSF stand for?
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Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
originally named nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD) |
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3. What does it mean?
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NSF: Thickening and hardening of skin overlying the extremities and trunk. Is also a marked expansion and fibrosis of the dermis in association w/ CD34-positive fibrocytes.
Associated with gadolinium application. |
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4. Which is the best modality for imaging soft tissues such as tendons and ligaments?
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Answer: MRI!
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5. When can a patient communicate w/ the MRI technologist?
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Answer: Instantaneously during the test. (All the time ]
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9. Which is the best initial imaging modality in a pt w/ suspected diffuse metastasis?
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Initial test: bone scan.
(PET scan is a good choice too) |
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10. Would you use contrast for Initial CT for the head for acute pathology?
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No contrast. You’re looking for blood, and contrast can obscure it.
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11. Would you use contrast for CT Angiogram for pulmonary embolism?
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Yes.
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12. Use contrast for CT Renal protocol? (Construction worker has left flank pain, 40 yrs old, has kidney stones. Note: South florida is known as stone belt because of kidney stone ) Use contrast?
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Colour of contrast on CT scan is white. Kidney stones are white. So NO contrast!
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13. Gadolinium may cause?
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NSF/nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
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18. What type of contrast is used in an IVP?
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Iodinated contrast.
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20. Appearance on Plain Film and CT
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Air: dark or radiolucent
Fat: gray (darker than water) Water (soft-tissue): intermediate radio density Bone: white Metal: very white, or very radiopaque |
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22. What type of X-ray used in doctor’s office for pt with cough for two weeks?
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Answer: PA and Lateral (standard ambulatory chest x-ray)
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24. A few things on PA and AP films
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Clavicles on PA are lowerThe heart is a little bigger on the AP because of the shadow (silhouette)
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25. Why is right hemidiaphragm elevated?
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Because of the liver.
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