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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Panoramic imaging is also called ___
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pantomography
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Panoramic imaging is an (intra/extra) oral technique
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extra
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In panoramic imaging, the image receptor is (intraoral/extraoral) and the source is (intraoral/extraoral)
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extraoral, extraoral
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True or False, it is currently not possible to digitize panoramic images
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False, can be digital or conventional
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What teeth are not included in a panoramic image.
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None, they're all included!
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Where should the canine light be positioned on the patient?
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on the mesial of maxillary canine
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What line goes from the lower border of orbit to superior point of tragus?
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frankfort line
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The frankfort line connects what 2 points?
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the lower border of orbit to superior point of tragus
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True or False, the frankfort line makes a 15 degree angle with the floor
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FALSE! it should be parallel to floor
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Other than the canine light, what other two lights help orient the patient?
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mid-sagittal plane light
horizontal plane light |
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Are panoramic images higher or lower patient dose than an FMX?
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lower (= about 4 BWs)
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Image receptor and source move at the same time in the (same/opposite) direction
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opposite
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The object of interest is located in an invisible area (point or plane) called what?
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image layer
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Which of these is not an advantage of panoramic imaging?
1. convenience 2. broad anatomical coverage 3. low radiation dose 4. very detailed image 5. short imaging time 6. readily available |
4. very detailed image is NOT correct.
Panos cover a large area but do not have the detail of individual shots like in an FMX |
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About how long (in min) does it take to set up and take a pano?
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3-4 min
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True or False, because it lacks fine detail, a pano is a poor initial screening tool
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False, it DOES lack detail but it's fine for initial screening
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True or False, Panos require very extensive infection control
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False, very minimal
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True or False, Panos are typically well accepted by the patient
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True
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What teeth tend to overlap often in Panos
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premolars
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There is usually a magnification of about __-__% with Panos
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20-30
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Panos have a high (initial/lifetime) expense
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initial
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True or False, Panos are not very sensitive to patient position
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False, very sensitive! If not positioned correctly, you can get a host of errors like magnification, geometric distortion, elongation, overlap, etc.
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a narrow vertical beam of about __degrees rotates in the ___ plane around the rotation center
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-7 to -10 degrees, horizontal plane
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The rotation center is invisible and located (intra/extra) orally
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intra
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The structure of interest should be between the film and the ___
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rotation center
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True or False, the rotation center does not stay in the same place
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True
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Structures near the (source/receptor) appear diffused or blurred and ghost-like
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source
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A rotograph has __ (#) rotation centers
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1
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A Panorex has __ (#) rotation centers
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2
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A Orthopantomograph model (OPI) has __ (#) rotation centers
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3
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A Penelipse or Versaview has __ (#) rotation centers
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many... it's a continuous image utilizing a continually sliding rotating center
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A orthopantomograph model (OP2 and OP3) as well as Cranex has __ (#) rotation centers
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many... continuous image utilizing a combo of stationary and moving rotation centers
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If a rotating narrow beam is used with a stationary image receptor, then magnification in the horizontal direction will be (less/more) than in vertical direction. Thus, a (stationary/moving) image receptor is used to equalize magnification
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more, moving
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The focal trough/image layer is known also as the zone of ___
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sharpness
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True or false, focal spot and focal trough are the same
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False
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Objects (inside/outside) the focal trough are not sharp and appear fuzzy on the radiograph
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outside
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The focal trough is a (2/3) dimensional curved zone in which structures are reasonably well defined
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3
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Vertical and horizontal magnification will only match if the object is within the __ __ of the focal trough
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central plane
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The focal trough should approximate the shape of what?
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the jaw
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The width of focal trough is (directly/invsersely) related to distance from center of rotation to central plane of image [known as 'effective projection radius']
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directly
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The longer the 'effective projection radius', the (thicker/thinner) the image layer
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thicker
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Image layer thickness is (directly/inversely) proportional to the width of the long narrow slit beam
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inversely
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The narrower the beam, the (wider/narrower) the image layer
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wider
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The "radius" is the distance between what two things?
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rotation center & center of image layer
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A (shorter/longer) radius and (wider/narrow) beam BOTH result in a wider image layer
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longer, narrower
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The focal trough needs to be narrow in the (anterior/posterior) and wide in the (anterior/posterior)
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anterior, posterior
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The image layer is shaped to center the jaw and is (within/outside) the jaw
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within
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True or False, some companies have programs that allow you to adjust the focal trough per patient
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True
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When an object is displaced to the LINGUAL side of the focal trough, towards the (source/image receptor), the beam passes more (slowly/quickly) through the object compared with the image receptor and the structure is (compressed/elongated) horizontally
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source, slowly, elongated
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When an object is displaced to the BUCCAL side of the focal trough, towards the (source/image receptor), the beam passes more (slowly/quickly) through the object compared with the image receptor and the structure is (compressed/elongated) horizontally
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image receptor, quickly, compressed
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When an object is displaced towards the (buccal/lingual) aspect, it appears to be vertically magnified
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buccal
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There is a certain degree of magnification in all images between __ and __%
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25-30%
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True or False, in panoramic imaging, the magnification is consistent through all structures in the radiograph
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False, it varies depending on it's position in the arch and focal trough
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___, ___ structures and ___ are imaged as if they were vertically split in half down the midsagittal plane with each half folded outwards
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jaws, maxillofacial, spines
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True or False, in panoramic imaging, half of the nose appears on one edge and the other half appears on the other edge
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False, in the middle
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Structures are generally (flattened/condensed) in panoramic images
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flattened
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In a panoramic image, the posterior wall of the max. sinus is (posterior/anterior) to the malar process (aka zygomatic process)
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posterior
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(real/ghost) images form when the object is between the rotation center of beam and the image receptor
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real
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(real/ghost/double) images occur only with midline structures
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double (technically, you have two 'real' images, fyi)
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True or false, in a double image, you have two real images with similar proportions and positions on the opposite side
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True
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What 5 objects frequently produce double real images?
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hard/soft pallate
Palatal tori body of hyoid bone epiglottis cervical spine |
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(real/ghost) images are formed when the object is between the x-ray and rotation center [aka 'behind' the rotation center]
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ghost
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True or False, the rami can form ghost images
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True
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Ghost images tend to be (blurry/sharp) and (reduced/magnified)
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blurry, magnified
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Ghost images are typically formed on the (same/opposite) side and are a bit (higher/lower) on the image receptor than they really are
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opposite, higher
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What 5 structures typically form ghost images?
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cervical spine
horns of hyoid bone ramus of mandible hard palate neck chains, ear rings, necklaces, etc. |
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Which 'air space' should not been seen and how can it be avoided?
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palatoglossal air space (patient should put tongue to roof of mouth and this will go away)
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Which of these does NOT attenuate x-ray beams?
soft tissue air |
air
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Air spaces appear (white/black)
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black
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Which air space is superimposed over the angle of the mandible?
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oropharyngeal
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What technique deficiency caused the error here?
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Not continuous rotation center
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Is the patient positioning correct, too far forward, or too far back on these? (all different)
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green - normal
blue - patient too far FOWARD orange - patient too far BACK |
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What is indicated by the 5 colored arrows?
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orange - posterior (lateral) wall of max sinus
blue - max sinus purple - nasal septum yellow - hard palate (floor of nasal fossa) red - mandibular canal |
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Red arrows are the same object, what are these? Blue arrow is what?
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red - nasal turbinates and meati
blue - zygomatic arch |
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What is indicated by the black arrows?
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mandibular canal
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What is indicated by the purple arrow?
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Mandibular foramen
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What is indicated by the green arrow?
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mental foramen
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What is indicated by the green arrows?
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Mental ridge (protuberance)
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What is indicated by the 5 colored arrows?
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blue - glenoid fossa
red - articular eminence green - sigmoid notch orange - condyle purple - mastoid process |
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What is indicated by the yellow arrows?
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Cervical spine (C-3)
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What is indicated by the colored arrows?
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yellow - posterior wall of max sinus
purple - anterior nasal spine green - zygomatic process |
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What is indicated by the colored arrows?
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green - infraorbital rim
purple - malar process blue - pterygomaxillary fissure red - medial wall of max sinus yellow - inferior border of max sinus |
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What is indicated by the black arrows?
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styloid process
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What is indicated by the white outline on the left?
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stylo-hyoid ossicles
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What is indicated by the colored arrows?
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yellow - coronoid process
purple - ethmoid sinus green - infraorbital canal |
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What is indicated by the colored arrows?
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purple - cervical spine
green - sigmoid notch blue - coronoid process orange - infraorbital rim red - articular eminence & glenoid fossa |
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What is indicated by the black arrows?
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external oblique ridge
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What RO object is indicated by the black arrows?
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internal oblique ridge (mandibular canal would be RL)
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What is indicated by the black arrows?
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Genial tubercle (lingual foramen is within)
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What is indicated by the red arrows?
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soft palate
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What is indicated by the purple arrows?
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hyoid
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What is indicated by the orange and purple arrows?
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purple - hyoid
orange - epiglottis |
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What is indicated by the white arrows?
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epiglottis
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What is indicated by the orange arrows? (Hint: NOT anterior nasal spine)
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Ghost image of cervical spine
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What is indicated by the orange arrows? (hint: ghost image)
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ghost image of inferior border of mandible
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Which is the ghost and which is the real?
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orange - real
purple - ghost |
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On the top, the (smaller/larger) image is real
On the bottom, the (outside/inside) image is real |
top - smaller is real
bottom - outside is real |
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What is indicated by the purple arrow?
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soft palate
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What is indicated by the colored arrows?
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purple - soft palate
orange - soft tissue of neck |
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What AIR SPACES are indicated by the colored arrows?
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orange - palatoglossal
blue - nasopharyngeal purple - oropharyngeal (glossopharyngeal) |
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What is indicated by the colored arrows?
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blue - ghost of hyoid
purple - styloid |