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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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1. The most prominent radiation interaction in the body occurs with
a. water b. carbohydrates c. proteins d. nucleic acids |
a. water
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The term that corresponds to “cut” is:
a. linking b. pairing c. loss d. scission |
d. scission
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3. Which dose response relationship describes the irradiation of human cells with x-rays?
a. single target, single hit b. single target, multi hit c. multitarget, single hit d. multitarget, multihit |
c. multitarget, single hit
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4. An ionizing event to DNA (target molecule) would be a ___ hit?
a. direct b. indirect |
a. direct
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5. When water is irradiated, a principal molecular product is
a. harmless molecules b. nucleic acids c. free radicals d. peptides |
c. free radicals
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6. Radiation interaction with cells occurs as a direct or indirect effect and is considered to be
a. specific b. random c. always lethal d. is always sublethal |
b. random
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Which of the following are observable effects of DNA irradiation?
1. genetic damage 2. malignant disease 3. cell death a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 c. 1 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3 |
d. 1, 2, and 3
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Which of the following conform to the linear, non-threshold dose response relationship?
1. genetic damage 2. malignant disease 3. cell death a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 c. 1 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3 |
b. 1 and 2
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Which of the following may occur as a result of irradiation of macromolecules (in vitro)?
a. main chain scission b. cross linking c. point lesions d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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Damage to DNA can lead to:
a. abnormal metabolic activity b. malignant diseases c. future generation damage d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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A germ cell is an example of a:
a. reproductive cell b. somatic cell |
a. reproductive cell
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a. 37% of cells die
b. 63 % of cells die c. 37% of cells survive d. 63% of cells survive e. B and C f. A and D |
e. B and C
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A series of three base pairs in DNA is a/an:
a. codon b. ion c. mutant d. karyotype |
a. codon
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Chromosome aberrations types include all of the following except:
a. dicentric formation b. ring formation c. terminal deletion d. intermittent deletion |
d. intermittent deletion
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The concept of a sensitive key molecule is the basis for the ___.
a. Poisson distribution b. target theory c. Law of Bergonie’ and Tribondeau d. Ohm’s Law |
b. target theory
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The lethal effects of radiation are determined by observing:
a. cell death b. cell proliferation c. cell mutation d. cell survival |
d. cell survival
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Of the five types of DNA responses to irradiation, which one may not be reversible?
a. main chain scission with only one side rail severed b. main chain scission with both side rails severed c. main chain scission and subsequent cross linking d. rung breakage causing a separation of bases e. a change or loss of a base |
e. a change or loss of a base
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With high LET radiation, there is little difference between the response of oxygenated cells and anoxic cells.
a. false b. true |
b. true
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According to target theory, cell death occurs only if the target molecule is:
a. a free radical b. ionized c. inactivated d. amplified |
c. inactivated
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Base pairs make up the ___ of the DNA helix.
a. sides b. rungs |
b. rungs
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____ is a measure of the capacity to accumulate sublethal damage and its ability to recover.
a. DQ b.D37 |
a. DQ
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__ is the mean lethal dose. A large __ indicates that cells are more radioresistant and can recover from sublethal damage.
a. D0 b. DQ c. G1 d. S |
a. D0
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The excess energy of free radicals can be transferred to DNA and result in bond breaks.
a. true b. false |
a. true
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15. Which of the following does not relate to the others?
a. undifferentiated b. mature c. stem d. precursor |
b. mature
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14. Which of the following are considered to be the principal damaging products of the radiolysis of water?
a. hydrogen peroxide b. hydroperoxyl radical c. salt d. A and B |
d. A and B
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13. An ionizing event occurring on a distant, noncritical molecule (such as water), which then transfers the energy of ionization to the target molecule would be an example of a/an ___ hit.
a. direct b. indirect |
b. indirec
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11. A reactive atom or molecule having an unpaired electron in its outer shell is called a/an?
a. ion pair b. recoil proton c. free radical d. transformed molecule |
c. free radical
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10. At low radiation doses, most cellular radiation damage that results in late radiation effects observed at the whole body level are caused by:
a. cross linking b. point lesions c. main chain scission d. in vitro effects |
b. point lesions
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Which of the following may occur as a result of irradiation of macromolecules (in vitro)?
a. main chain scission b. cross linking c. point lesions d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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Which of the following conform to the linear, non-threshold dose response relationship?
1. genetic damage 2. malignant disease 3. cell death a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 c. 1 and 3 d. 1, 2, and |
b. 1 and 2
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____ is a measure of the capacity to accumulate sublethal damage and its ability to recover.
a. DQ b.D37 |
a. DQ
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__ is the mean lethal dose. A large __ indicates that cells are more radioresistant and can recover from sublethal damage.
a. D0 b. DQ c. G1 d. S |
a. D0
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The excess energy of free radicals can be transferred to DNA and result in bond breaks.
a. true b. false |
a. true
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15. Which of the following does not relate to the others?
a. undifferentiated b. mature c. stem d. precursor |
b. mature
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14. Which of the following are considered to be the principal damaging products of the radiolysis of water?
a. hydrogen peroxide b. hydroperoxyl radical c. salt d. A and B |
d. A and B
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13. An ionizing event occurring on a distant, noncritical molecule (such as water), which then transfers the energy of ionization to the target molecule would be an example of a/an ___ hit.
a. direct b. indirect |
b. indirec
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11. A reactive atom or molecule having an unpaired electron in its outer shell is called a/an?
a. ion pair b. recoil proton c. free radical d. transformed molecule |
c. free radical
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10. At low radiation doses, most cellular radiation damage that results in late radiation effects observed at the whole body level are caused by:
a. cross linking b. point lesions c. main chain scission d. in vitro effects |
b. point lesions
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Which of the following may occur as a result of irradiation of macromolecules (in vitro)?
a. main chain scission b. cross linking c. point lesions d. all of the above |
d. all of the above
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Which of the following conform to the linear, non-threshold dose response relationship?
1. genetic damage 2. malignant disease 3. cell death a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 c. 1 and 3 d. 1, 2, and |
b. 1 and 2
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Which of the following are observable effects of DNA irradiation?
1. genetic damage 2. malignant disease 3. cell death a. 1 only b. 1 and 2 c. 1 and 3 d. 1, 2, and 3 |
d. 1, 2, and 3
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