Radiation Protection & Biology

Front 1

Acronym for as low as reasonably achievable.

Back 1

ALARA

Front 2

One of the three basic principles of radiation protection.

Back 2

Distance (could be time, or shielding also)

Front 3

In the medical industry with reference to the radiation sciences, the possibility of inducing a radiogenic cancer or genetic defect after irradiation.

Back 3

Risk

Front 4

A subunit of the sievert equal to 1/1000 of a sievert.

Back 4

Millisievert (mSv)

Front 5

Method for comparing the amount of radiation received from a radiologic procedure with natural background radiation received over a specified period of time such as days, weeks, months or years.

Back 5

BERT (Background Equivalent Radiation Time)

Front 6

Effective measures employed by radiation workers to safeguard patients, personnel, and the general public from unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation.

Back 6

Radiation Protection

Front 7

The benefit to the referring physician in having direct access to a patient's radiation dose history being the option of knowing whether or not the ordering of an additional radiographic procedure is advisable.

Back 7

Standardized Dose Reporting

Front 8

Term that is synonymous with the acronym ALARA

Back 8

Optimization for radiation protection

Front 9

A disease process that does not have a fixed threshold

Back 9

Radiation-Induced Cancer

Front 10

The degree to which the diagnostic study accurately reveals that presence or absence of disease in a patient.

Back 10

Diagnostic Efficacy

Front 11

Individual in a hospital setting expressly charged by the administration to be directly responsible for the execution, enforcement, and maintenance of the ALARA program.

Back 11

Radiation Safety Officer (RSO)

Front 12

Makes patients feel that they are active participants in their own health care.

Back 12

Appropriate and effective communication

Front 13

Fear of being exposed to radiation

Back 13

Radiation Phobia

Front 14

Damage to living tissue of animals and humans exposed to radiation.

Back 14

Biologic Effects

Front 15

Consists of two phases: (1) formulation new policies and procedures to promote radiation safety and the implementation of patient and community education and (2) technologic enhancements.

Back 15

TRACE program (Tools for Radiation Awareness and Community Education)

Front 16

SI unit of measure for the radiation quantity, "equivalent dose"

Back 16

Sievert (Sv)

Front 17

________ ________ ________; surface of the skin where x-radiation enters the patient's body, resulting in an area of maximum exposure

Back 17

Entrance Skin Exposure (ESE)

Front 18

A consequence of ionization in human cells

Back 18

Production of free radicals

Front 19

Produces positively and negatively charge particles (ions) when passing through matter.

Back 19

Ionizing Radiation

Front 20

Certain individual radiographic procedures need to have patient dose dictated into every radiologic report. These procedures include ________, ________, and _________.

Back 20

CT, Genera Fluoro, Interventional Procedures

Front 21

________ _______ on ______ _____ and _________ recommends the use of BERT for improving patient understanding and reducing fear and anxiety associated with having an x-ray procedure.

Back 21

National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements

Front 22

T/F:

A threshold exists for radiation-induced malignant disease.

Back 22

False

Front 23

BERT is based on an annual US population exposure of approximately ____ mSv per year.

Back 23

3

Front 24

T/F:

Human-made radiation is more dangerous than an equal amount of natural radiation.

Back 24

False; equally harmful

Front 25

Nuclear power plant severely damaged as a consequence of a 9.0-magnitude earthquake that triggered a tsunami.

Back 25

Fukushima Daiichi

Front 26

Radiation produced as a consequence of nuclear weapons testing and chemical explosions in nuclear power plants.

Back 26

Fallout

Front 27

Electric and magnetic fields that fluctuate rapidly as they travel through space, including radio waves, microwaves, visible light and x-rays

Back 27

Electromagnetic Wave

Front 28

Consumer product that produced substantial radiation exposure levels when it was first made available to consumers

Back 28

Color TV

Front 29

SI unit for measuring radiation exposure.

Back 29

Gray

Front 30

Specified in electron volts (eV)

Back 30

Energy

Front 31

Radiation quantity used for radiation protection purposes when a person receives exposure from various types of ionizing radiation (This quantity attempts to specify numerically the difference sin transferred energy and therefore potential biologic harm that are produced by different types of radiation).

Back 31

EqD (equivalent dose)

Front 32

An unstable nucleus that emits one or more forms of ionizing radiation to achieve greater stability.

Back 32

Radionuclide

Front 33

Genetic or somatic changes in a living organism caused by excessive cellular damage from exposure to ionizing radiation.

Back 33

Organic Damage

Front 34

Radiation quantity that takes into account the dose of all types of ionizing radiation to various irradiated organs or tissues in the human body.

Back 34

EfD (Effective Dose)

Front 35

Biologic effects of ionizing radiation or other agents on generations yet unborn

Back 35

genetic damage

Front 36

natural sources of ionizing radiation that grow large because of accidental or deliberate human actions such as mining.

Back 36

enhanced natural sources

Front 37

process that is the foundation of interactions of x-rays with human tissue

Back 37

ionization

Front 38

positively charge components of an atom

Back 38

protons

Front 39

injury on the cellular level caused by sufficient exposure to ionizing radiation at the molecular level

Back 39

cellular damage

Front 40

long-lived radioactive elements present in variable quantities in the c rust of the earth and emitting densely ionizing radiation.

Back 40

Terrestrial Radiation

Front 41

kinetic energy that passes from one location to another

Back 41

radiation

Front 42

identical to a high-speed electron except is is emitted from the nuclei of radioactive atoms instead of originating in the atomic shells outside of the nucleus

Back 42

beta particle

Front 43

another name for multislice spiral computed tomography

Back 43

helical

Front 44

contains two protons and two neutrons

Back 44

alpha particle

Front 45

the full range of frequencies and wavelengths of electromagnetic waves

Back 45

electromagnetic spectrum

Front 46

rays of extraterrestrial origin that result from nuclear interactions that have taken place in the sun and other stars

Back 46

cosmic rays

Front 47

the number of protons contained within the nuclei of an atom

Back 47

atomic number

Front 48

The amount of energy transferred to electrons by ionizing radiation is the basis of the concept of _________.

Back 48

Radiation Dose

Front 49

According to NCRP Report No. 160, which reflects usage patterns through 2006, radon and thor on account for what percentage of natural background radiation exposure?

Back 49

37%

Front 50

Of the following radiations, which are classified as particulate radiations?

1. X-rays and gamma rays

2. Alpha particles and beta particles

3. Gamma rays and high-energy ultraviolet radiation

Back 50

2

Front 51

Beta particles are _______ times lighter than alpha particles.

Back 51

8000

Front 52

From which of the following sources do human beings receive the largest dose of ionizing radiation?

1. Radioactive fallout from atomic weapons testing

2. medical radiation procedures

3. cosmic rays

4. area around a nuclear reactor

Back 52

2

Front 53

The ________ ______ measures radiation quantity used for radiation protection purposed that attempts to specify numerically the differences in transferred energy and therefore potential biologic harm that is produced by different types of radiation.

Back 53

Equivalent Dose

Front 54

As of 2006, the average US inhabitant received an EqD of approximately ___ per year from extraterrestrial radiation.

Back 54

.3

Front 55

_______, ________, and _________ wallboard are common building materials containing radon.

Back 55

Brick, Concrete, Gypsum

Front 56

The United States performed above-ground nuclear weapons tests before 1963. During the _____ ______, an atomic cloud was created by a 37-kiloton testing device that was exploded from a balloon at the Nevada test site on June 24, 1957.

Back 56

Priscilla Test

Front 57

Unfortunate accidents involving nuclear reactors can occur. This can lea to substantial, ________ radiation exposure for humans and the environment.

Back 57

Unplanned

Front 58

The aim of the _______ project was to rebuild acceptable living conditions for local citizens in contaminated territories in the Ukraine region of Russia by actively involving them in the reconstruction project.

Back 58

ETHOS

Front 59

_________ radiation consists predominately of high-energy protons.

Back 59

Cosmic

Front 60

Medical radiation exposure results from the use of diagnostic ________ machines, and ___________ in medicine.

Back 60

x-ray; radio-pharmaceuticals

Front 61

A tremendous explosion on the surface of the sun is called a _______ _________.

Back 61

Solar Flare

Front 62

Artificial teeth made in the United States are estimated to give the oral cavity an average dose of _____ mSv/yr.

Back 62

600

Front 63

The EPA estimates that ____% of the homes in the United States exceed the recommended limit of 4 pCi/L or radon.

Back 63

10

Front 64

In cooler months, when homes and buildings are tightly closed, radon levels are usually ______.

Back 64

Higher

Front 65

List the percentage of contribution to the total collective effective dose for the following:

1. Radon & Thoron (Background) -

2. Space (Background) -

3. Internal (Background) -

4. Terrestrial (Background) -

5. Computed Tomography (Medical) -

6. Nuclear Medicine (Medical) -

7. IR -

8. Fluoro/XRay (Medical) -

9. Consumer -

10. Occupational -

11. Industrial -

Back 65

1. 37

2. 5

3. 5

4. 3

5. 24

6. 12

7. 7

8. 5

9. 2

10. < 0.1

11. <0.1

Front 66

The biological effect of ________ happens at 0.25 sV.

Back 66

Blood Changes

Front 67

The biological effect of ______ happens at 1.5 sV.

Back 67

Nausea, Diarrhea

Front 68

The biological effect of _______ happens at 2 sV.

Back 68

Erythema (Redness allover skin)

Front 69

The biological effect of ________ (gonads) happens at 2.5 sV.

Back 69

temporary sterility

Front 70

The biological effect of _______ happens at 3 sV.

Back 70

50% chance of death

Front 71

The biological effect of ________ happens at 6 sV.

Back 71

Death

Front 72

Dental X-rays have an EfD of ______, equivalent to _____ of background radiation.

Back 72

0.06 mSv, 7 Days

Front 73

A chest radiograph has an EfD of _______, equivalent to ________ of background radiation.

Back 73

0.08 mSv, 10 Days

Front 74

A lumbar spine series has an EfD of __________, equivalent to _________ of background radiation.

Back 74

3.0 mSv, 1 Year

Front 75

Abdominal X-rays have an EfD of ______, equivalent to ________ background radiation.

Back 75

0.7 mSv, 4 Months

Front 76

A CT of the chest has an EfD of ______, equivalent to ________ background radiation.

Back 76

8.0 mSv, 3.6 Years

Front 77

A CT of the abdomen/pelvis has an EfD of ______, equivalent to ________ background radiation.

Back 77

10.0 mSv, 4.5 Years