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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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3 particles of an atom?
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proton, neutron, electron
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what makes up the shell of an atom?
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electrons
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what makes up the nucleus of an atom?
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proton, nucleus
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K shell e-?
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tightly bound electrons. 2 e-
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L shell e-?
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can ONLY be moved if some amount of energy is applied. the amount of energy to move one e- to another shell is EQUAL to their BINDING energies.
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e- volt?
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unit of energy.
1.6 x 10^-19 J OR 1.6 x 10^-12 ergs. |
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what determines the e- configuration?
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protons, neutrons.
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what determines the chemical configuration?
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the e-
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what does radioactive mean?
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unstable nuclear configuration determined by proton and neutrons.
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what is protons mass and charge?
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1.6734 x 10^-27 kg.
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what is neutrons mass and charge?
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no charge
1.6747 x 10^-27 kg |
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what is an AMU?
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atomic mass unit.
1/12 the mass of a C-12 atom. 1 AMU= 1.6605 x10^-27kg. |
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what is nuclear binding energy?
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holds the atom together, strong nuclear force that exceeds the electrostatic force.
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what is mass defect?
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the amount of energy that must be applied to separate nucleus into individual components.
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What binding energy and its formula?
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where the mass defect went to.
E=MC^2 |
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1 AMU is how many MeV?
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931 MeV
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1 MeV is how many Joules?
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1.602 x 10^-13 J.
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1 AMU is how many kg?
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1.6605 x 10^-27 kg.
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isotopes?
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SAME ELEMENT.
same # protons different # of neutrons and mass number |
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isotones?
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different # of protons, and mass number
SAME # of neutrons |
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isobars?
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SAME mass number
Diff # protons Diff # of neutrons. |
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isomers?
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has to due with energy levels.
same mass #, protons, and neutrons. |
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when does an atom become radioactive?
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neutron to proton ratio is too high or too low and will emit charged particles, associated with a unstable nucleus.
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Beta Particles are emitted when?
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when neutron to proton ration is TOO high.
when N is higher then P+= radioactive. |
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what is the charge of Beta particle and the energy level?
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1-
mono-energetic |
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What is a Beta particle?
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the same as an e- EXCEPT the beta particle originates in the nucleus from one of the neutrons.
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what transmutation?
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go from one element to another, when we admit the same particle we come up with a non-radioactive element.
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What do we call a Beta particle emitted from the nucleus?
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disintegration/time= DPS or DPM
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the common unit for Beta particle being emitted?
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CURIE
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1 Ci is equal to?
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3.7 x 10^10 dps
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SI unit of Ci
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bacquerel Bq= 1 dps.
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What half life?
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radioactive nuclei transformed at a characteristic rate. T 1/2.
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T 1/2= ?
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amount of time required for 1/2 atom in a sample to decay.
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Decay constant?
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lambda= .693/(T1/2)
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Decay constant equation?
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A= lambda* N
N= the number of atoms. |
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decay rate formula?
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A=A_o e^-lambda * time elapsed.
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what is secular equil.?
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parent with a 1/2 life significantly greater then the daughter, or daughter less than parents. when we have this its a closed system.
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What do we observe in secular equil?
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the daughter will build up to the 1/2 life of the parent and seems to decay at the rate of the parents 1/2 life.
CANT observe parents 1/2. |
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what is transient equil?
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less significant difference in the 1/2 of the parent and daughter. we CAN observe the parents 1/2 life.
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why does it look like the daughter decays with parent?
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b/c the parent is feeding the daughter.
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alpha particle consist of what?
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2 P+, 2 N. on an atomic scale these are massive and highly charged and a mass of 4 amu.
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when do alpha particles occur?
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when N:P is TOO low
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alpha have atomic number of what?
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greater than 82 w/ one exception which is Sm-62.
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Q=
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mass of parent-mass of daughter-mass of alpha particle-2 (mass of e-).
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what is the recoil ratio?
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when alpha emitter from parent pushes off the daughter and loses energy.
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recoil ratio formula and graph design=
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E of alpha= Q/(1+ mass of alpha/Mass of daughter)
GRAPH: down and to left |
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decay scheme of alpha particle
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reduction in atomic #
mono-energetic |
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what is a neutrino?
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when a Beta particle is emitted it also releases a neutrino, which is an extremely small particle w/ NO charge and NO bioeffects.
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decay scheme of B- and graph display?
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gain a proton by converting a N to a P+ to show increase is atomic #.
GRAPH: down and to the right. |
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what is electron capture?
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"K captue" comes from K shell and happens when the N:P is too LOW
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formula for electron capture?
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Q= Md-2 (Me-)
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what is a positron?
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B+, emitted when N:P too LOW and when alpha particle emission is not possible.
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formula and graph of positron?
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not mono-energetic
Q=Mp-Md-2e- graph: down and to the left |
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annihilation radiation results from?
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B+ admission.
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what happens in annihilation radiation?
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B+ crashes into e- and end up with 2 photons.
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3 characteristics of annihilation radiation photons?
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1. 2 electromagnetic rays
2. 511 KeV 3. 180 degrees apart. |
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what is characteristic X-rays?
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when e- moving from inner to outer shell gives off energy = to binding energy between the 2 shells.
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what is radiation?
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not particles, freq and wavelength in from of radiation x-rays. It CAN travel thru a VACUUM.
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Photons equation?
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E= H* (freq.)
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what does H=?
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6.626x10^-34J.
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what are 2 terms of electromagnetic radiation?
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1. x-rays are generated by movement of e- b/t the shells by interaction of e- with matter
2. gamma rays- emitted by nuclei forming radioactive decay, excited nucleus. |
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Bremsstrahlung radiation?
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braking radiation, interacting of charged particles thru matter (x-ray) or sometimes its bad, not discrete energies.
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2 types of X-rays?
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characteristic
Bremsstrahlung. |
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What is Auger E- and and whats it associated with?
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as e- shifts from shell to shell excess energy can be transfered to another e- which will cause that e- to come out causing an admission of an e-
characeristic x-rays |
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What is a Conversion e- and whats it associated with?
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emitted from nucleus, excess energy transfered to orbital e- which causes admission of an e-
gamma rays. |
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ionixatoin potential
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amount of energy required to ionize the least tightly bound e-.
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specific ionization
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# of ion pairs formed per unit, distance traveled by incident radiation.
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linear energy transfer
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avg. energy deposit per unit, distance traveled by incident radiation.
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How does alpha particles interact with matter?
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their charges attract and cause ionization
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How does Beta particles interact with matter?
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range depends on aereal density absorber, g/cm^2.
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compton scattering?
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interaction that occurs by incident photon and outer shell e- ionizing atom but not all energy is used, the rest is scattered photon.
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photoelectric absorption?
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incident photon interacts w/ inner shell e- causing e- to be emitted from the atom.
no scattering |
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common units of radiation?
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Roendgen
rad rem |
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R- roendgen
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radiation exposure unit
occurs in air, xrays, gamma rays. unit coul/kg limited |
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Rad
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radiation absorbed does
1 rad= 100 ergs/g no limits |
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REM
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roentegen equiv.
SI unit= sieverts SV SV= 100 rem |
