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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Race
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Race is a group of people that are socially distinct because of “genetically transmitted traits”
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three types of race
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caucasoid
mongoloid negroid |
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Two ways to classify race
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Phenotypes (observable physical characteristics)
Genotypes (unobservable genetic features) |
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Ethnicity
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is the cultural heritage of a particular group; non-biological
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Minority Groups
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often viewed as a “racial” group that makes up a small percentage of the U.S. population
they generally occupy subordinate positions in society; small percentage of the power structure |
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Ideology of White Supremacy
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promotes the idea that people of color are intellectually, physically, and spiritually inferior to people with white skin
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Three social institutions that support Ideology of white supremacy
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Manifest Destiny
The White Man’s Burden Social Darwinism |
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Race logic in sport justifies the following
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A disproportionate amount of
Blacks pursuing athletic careers (as players) Limited access to leadership positions Stacking or positional centrality EX-People of color do not have the mental capacities to play in “thinking” positions or to coach or manage a team. (e.g. Al Campanis) |
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Theoretical explanation for Black participation in sport
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Biological explanation
Innate physical superiority Cultural explanation Uniqueness of black culture and the emphasis it places on physical skill and dexterity Social-structural explanation Limited opportunities and access to other occupations in other areas of society Social-psychological explanation Collegiate and professional athletes become role models for youth to emulate |
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Racial Stacking
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when players from a certain racial or ethnic group are either over- or under-represented at certain positions in team sports
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Sociological Explanations for "stacking"
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The stereotyping hypothesis:
the negative stereotypes about minorities intellectual capabilities Interaction and discrimination hypothesis: minority group members possess undesirable traits and are not suitable associates Outcome hypothesis: minority group members do not possess leadership capabilities to reach a desired outcome Prohibitive cost hypothesis: Central position require expensive training and instructive unavailable to minority group members Differential attractiveness of positions hypothesis: minority group members choose positions based on their likelihood for success, recognition, prestige, popularity, etc. Role Modeling hypothesis: young Black athletes emulate and seek to play positions in which they see other Blacks achieving success |
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Psychological Explanations for "stacking"
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The hypothesis that Blacks excel at reactive tasks - whites excel in self-paced positions (pitcher) and self-paced sports (golf)
Whites are superior in inborn artistic and abstract thinking abilities, and Blacks are superior in inborn athletic and rhythmic abilities |
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Biological Explanations for "stacking"
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Blacks are different in body measurements (anthropometric indices):
longer arms and lower legs, greater hand and forearm length, less body fat, shorter trunks, narrower hips, greater muscle mass, greater skeletal weight, wider bones in the upper arm, more muscle tissue in the upper arm and thigh, less muscle mass in the calf, lower vital lung capacity, different bone structures, more fast twitch muscle fibers |
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Kinds of racism in Sport
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Position Allocation
stacking hypothesis, position centrality or segregation Performance Differentials unequal pay for equal ability unequal opportunity for unequal ability Rewards and authority structures limited opportunities in power positions unequal access to coaching position regardless of knowledge and expertise |
