Race, Class, Gender Final Exam

Front 1

Matrix of Domination
(Collins, 2000)

Back 1

-RCG operate together, and are intersecting categories of experience that affect all aspects of life.
-They simultaneously structure experiences of all people.

Front 2

Difference Framework

Back 2

Unique group experiences.

Front 3

Additive Approach

Back 3

Double and triple jeopardy. (African American Women=triple oppression).

Front 4

Diversity Framework

Back 4

Cultural variety, numerical representation, changing social norms, and the inequalities that characterize the status of different groups.

Front 5

Culture

Back 5

Total way of life of a group of people.
-material and symbolic components.

Front 6

Reading 1:
Missing People and Others
(Madrid, May/June 1988)

Back 6

New mexico.
-The other: feeling different. The awareness of being distinct. Frightens and scares.
-Becoming american isn't about learning english, it's about not speaking spanish.
-talks about "gaining entry" in institutions and how they permit space.

Front 7

Reading 2:
Chappals and Gym Shorts
(Sayeed, 2002)

Back 7

-Muslim only daughter.
-Her father: wanted her to use beauty products, and be married by 22, to wear her hijab (to prevent complete western emersion).
-social conditioning & normalization.
-bisexual.
-struggling to master "a dance of negotiating identity with interlinking cultural spheres.

Front 8

Reading 3:
From a Native Daughter
(Trask, 1993)

Back 8

-Hawaiian/indigenous way.
-the Haole (whites) wrote Hawaiian history: "ruled by bloodthirsty priests, and kings who owned all the land."
-Her mother told her the truth, that no one owned the land before the whites came, everyone could fish and plant.
-Whites termed Hawaii "feudal" (private ownership of land), lazy, promiscuous, and racist (bc they preferred their own way rather than the West).
-langauge: "a" possessive= acquired status. ex: food.
-"o"possessive= inherent status. ex. name.

Front 9

Reading 4:
Katrina, Black Women, and the Deadly Discourse on Black Poverty in America
(Ransby, 2006)

Back 9

-black single mothers=poor. highest in New Orleans.
-40% poverty rate.
-A columnist, George Will (2005) responded, "rules for avoiding poverty: graduate from high school, don't have a baby until you are married, don't marry while you are a teenager."
-Living in New Orleans=underprivilaged.
-it was a social disaster,

Front 10

Reading 5:
Oppression
(Frye, 1983)

Back 10

-Oppression: caught between or among forces or barriers that restrict and prevent mobility.
-doublebind: situations in which options are reduced to a very few and all exposed to deprivation.
-Female sexual inactivity=lesbianism. Sexual activity=whore or loose.

Front 11

Reading 6:
Label Us Angry
(Torres, 2004)

Back 11

-Filipino living in Palo Alto.
-Carlos and Torres were swore at by car next to them, flipped a quarter at the white guy's window, both were pepper sprayed and carlos was charged.
-Marginalizing: low-life, chink, gangster.
-Palo Altan= white, clean-cut, wealthy.

Front 12

Reading 7:
A Different Mirror
(Takaki, 1993)

Back 12

-Asian American, living in San Fran.
-Indigenous people became outsiders in their native land.
-Asians=model minority. Asian=nerd.
-Taxi cab driver said, "when did you move here, you have good english".
-native americans pushed onto reserves. White xmas song came from a russian-jew.

Front 13

Reading 8:
Seeing More Than Black and White
(Martinez, 1998)

Back 13

-Latina=most oppressed.
-Racism expanded bc: the worldwide economic recession that followed the end of the post-war boom in 1970s.
-Says we need strong unity against White Supremacy.
-ALL people of color had 1 common experience: european colonization w/ exploitation.
-small latino children: covered in flour, wanted to look white enough for school.
-Black/white framework (whiteness)

Front 14

Reading 9:
Of Race and Risk
(Williams, 1997)

Back 14

-Black female law professor.
-Fair Housing Act: outlaws racial discrimination in the housing market.
-law professor=good white person.
-Loan officer (she never met) checked the box for her as "white".
-Suddenly they wanted more $ and higher interest.
-Blacks move in, whites will move out of the neighborhood.

Front 15

Reading 10:
Color-Blind Privilage
(Gallagher, 2003)

Back 15

-White, black & asian get tattoos of chinese symbols. White Eminem.
-Color-blind racism: An environment where institutional racism and discrimination have been replaced by equal opportunity. Qualifications, not color, should help one achieve mobility.
-Segregation and discrimination is no longer an issue.
-Class and culture are responsible for social inequality, not racism.

Front 16

Reading 11:
White Privilege: Invisable Knapsack
(McIntosh, 1988)

Back 16

-Men=overprivileged.
-White privilage= special maps, codebooks, clothes, tooks and blank checks.
-Whites are taught to think their lives are morally neutral, normal or average.
-a list of 26 privileges.
-Can find skin colored bandaids.
-Unearned entitlement: feeling that one belongs w/in the human circle.
-unearned advantage: forgetting you're privilaged.

Front 17

Reading 12:
What White Supremacists Taught a Jewish Scholar About Identity
(Ferber, 1999)

Back 17

-interacial sex=the ultimate abomination.
-race isn't biological, it's social constructed by white-supremacists.
-She does not feel like an "other" or a jew bc jews are privilaged and considered white.
-it takes 1 black ancestor out of 32 to make a person legally black, yet those 31 white ancestors are not enough to make that person white.

Front 18

Reading 13:
Race as Class
(Gans, 2005)

Back 18

-Humans aren't just seen by color, but by shape of head, nose and lips etc.
-high levels of melanin protected people living outside in hot, sunny climates. Low levels=enabled humans to soak up vitamin D from the hidden sun.
-Class-and-Status Hierarchy: whites are on top of the socioeconomic order and racial order, while shaded whites are below them in SES (class) and prestige (status).
-black=exslave, chinese=yellow horde, hispanic=swarthy.
-skin color=indicates class position.

Front 19

Reading 14:
Shadowy Lines that Still Divide
(Scott and Leonhardt, 2005)

Back 19

-Upper class= sucessful in school.
-inherited privilage: parents hand down money, education, and connections to their children (meritocracy).
Class=similar economic position, lifestyles, politics, interests etc.
-Criteria for class: education, income, occupation, and wealth.
-banks now extend credit to lowincome families.
-education is now essential because of globalization and technological change.
-those at the top work more.

Front 20

Reading 15:
Across the Great Divide: Crossing Classes and Clashing Cultures
(Jensen, 2004)

Back 20

-cross over experience
-theme: education.
-her husband was angry and unsupportive bc she spent less time w/ him.
-What's going on in her head: cognitive dissonance "internal clashings".
-Her crisis is enstenential.

Front 21

Article 16:
The Hidden Cost of Being African American
(Shapiro, 2004)

Back 21

-Wealth and inheritance is a rising inequality.
-affirmative action: compromises with out past, obscures our present understanding of racial inequality, and restricts policy in the future.
-blacks earn 64 cents for every dollar a white earns.

Front 22

Article 17:
Is Capitalism Gendered and Racialized?
(Acker, 2006)

Back 22

-industrial capitalism=white male.
-capitalism is a gendered power and was built for the profit of slavery.
-white women=secretaries, underpaid.
-hegemonic masculinity: taken for granted, accepted form attributed to leaders/historical figures.
-Masculine= aggressive, decisive, focus on winning, and taking territory.

Front 23

Article 18:
How the New Working Class Can Transform Urban America
(Kelley, 1997)

Back 23

-food processing, food services, retail.

Front 24

Article 19:
Sex and Gender Through the Prism of Difference
(Zinn, Hondagneu-Sotelo, Messner, 2005)

Back 24

-the prism of difference: how gender is organized and experienced differently when refracted through the prism of sexual, racial/ethnic/ social class, age etc.
-masculinity and femininity each depend on the definition of the other to produce domination.

Front 25

Article 20:
The Myth of the Latin Woman
(Cofer, 1993)

Back 25

-Hispanic woman=hot tamale.
-"you can look but not touch".

Front 26

Article 21:
The Bachelor: Whiteness in the Harem
(Dubrofsky, 2006)

Back 26

Picks 25 women.
-usually white. women of color have appeared but were all eliminated before the 3rd week.

Front 27

Article 22:
Masculinities and Athletic Careers
(Messner, 1989)

Back 27

-early success in sports recieve recognition from adult males.
-not big enough, strong enough, fast enough, or skilled enough to compete at higher levels.

Front 28

Article 23:
Gladiators, Gazelles, and Groupies: Basketbal Love and Loathing
(Malveaux, 2000)

Back 28

-white players get grammar boost from sportswriter, to make them sound more intellegent.
-black=naturally good at sports.
-title IX funded women's sports.

Front 29

Article 24:
"Is This a White Country, or What?"
(Rubin, 1990)

Back 29

-see new immigrants as direct competitors for jobs.
-black=savage, bestial, lazy, wild and sensual.
-they don't teach about other cultures in school.
-historic nativism: escalates white fear of immigrants. Immigrants bring their language and culture with them and that reminds americans of their alien precense, making them feel excluded.
-"They live different than us, it's like another world how they live, they don't even try to learn English."
-when times are good, americans feel confident about their future and are more generous in sharing their fortune with foreigners.
-latino-black conflict: fight over jobs. blacks are being replaced by latinos.
-they aren't learning english because we aren't giving them the resources to do so.

Front 30

Article 25:
Optional Ethnicities: For Whites Only?
(Waters, 1996)

Back 30

-ethnic identity: fixed characteristic, given at birth, reflective of blood ties.
-change in ethnic identities due to intermarriage, changing allegiances, and changing social categories.
-"passing" phenomenon: people raised as one race who change at some point and claim a different race as their identity.
-options white americans have: can claim any ancestry, choose which european ancestries to include in their description of their own identities on surveys.
-whites can choose bc: the degree of discrimination and social distance attached to specific eurpean backgrounds has diminished over time.
-symbolic ethnicity: (Gans, 1979) individualistic in nature and without real social cost for the individual. example: those whites that are only "irish" on st. patricks day.

Front 31

Article 26:
Global Woman
(Ehrenreich and Hochschild, 2003)

Back 31

-Josephine, Saudi Arabia, left her 3 children in Sri Lanka to find work.
-She can either live with her children in desperate poverty or make money by living apart from them. (globalization)
-servants aren't considered status symbols anymore, and disappear when company comes.
-Affluent career women earn their status not through leisure, but by "doing it all" (fulltime work, children, managing the home) by using servants.
-Sex workers: its as though wealthy parts of the world are running short on emotional and sexual resources and turn to poorer regions for fresh supplies)
-flows: southeast asia to middle and far east,soviet block to western europe, south to north in the americas, africa to europe.
-Care Deficit: they come here because women now take on more paid work and need people to replace their caretaker roles.
-1 of 5 men share contribute and share the work at home.
-.5 to 1 million women are prostitutes.

Front 32

Article 27:
The Contested Meanings of "Asian American": Racial Dilemmas in the U.S.
(Kibria, 1998)

Back 32

-Race: system of power, draws on physical differences to construct/give meaning to racial groups and the hierarchy in which they are embedded (Miles 1989).
-Constructivist Perspectives: externally imposed designations/assignments of dominant groups upon others. Also shaped by the actions of the categorized group itself.
-racialized groups help shape their own identities.
-Identities: are made by external forces.
-it is continuous.
-Construction: not a one-time event but an ongoing project.
-Boundary: What are the grounds for being identified by a racial category?
-Racial Categories: biological characteristics define and construct different social collectivities.
-"One Drop Rule": maintaining power and enforcing segregation.
-Community: how do the boundaries suggest membership in the community?
-Ethnicization: a racialized group defines itself in terms of common ancestry, history and a set of cultural symbols.
-Positioning: what is the groups position on the racial heirarchy?
-asians today are polorized, consisting of two different socio-economic segments.
Asian= strong work ethic, devotion to education.

Front 33

Article 30:
The Invention of Heterosexuality
(Katz, 1990)

Back 33

-first years: 1892-1900
-formulated by US doctors.
-heterosexual=normal.
-hetero=inclinations to both sexes. to insure pleasure without procreative aim.
-inborn sexual instinct for wanting the opposite sex.

Front 34

Article 34:
Race, Class, Gender, and Women's Works
(Amott and Matthaei, 1996)

Back 34

-sexual division of labor.
-women are assigned to childrearing.
-some indian tribes: women choose to do men's work and marry another woman who lived the woman's role.
-prohibition of intermarriage with whites in some states until 1967.
-indians were killed and displaced, african americans were enslaved, filapinas/os and puerto ricans were colonized.
-capitalism: dominate form of production.
-monopolization of managerial jobs.

Front 35

Article 35:
Racism in Toyland
(Williams, 2005)

Back 35

-customer behavior is based on price, convenience, and selection.
-retail work is most common.
-2 most segregated jobs: director positions (white men) and janitor jobs (latinas).
-professional expertise=whiteness.
-She mentioned being in training, and the customer thought she meant Tanesha (black) was.
-assumed white woman was in charge.
-consumer racial profiling.

Front 36

Article 37:
Soft Skills and Race
(Moss and Tilly, 1996)

Back 36

-soft skills: skills, abilities, and trains that pertain to personality, attitude and behavior rather than formal or technical knowledge.
-black men=poor soft skills.
-friendliness, teamwork. Motivation: enthusiasm, commitment.
-black male=hostile, defensive, difficult attitude.
-rather than address their issues, they get rid of them.
-there are NO differences in work ethic by race.
-Code Switching: being able to present oneself and communicate in ways acceptable to majority white culture in order to FIND and KEEP a job.

Front 37

Article 38:
The Invisible Poor
(Newman: 1999)

Back 37

-racialize the undeserving.
-65% of low wages go to women working parttime.
-1 in 15 americans has worked in fast food.
-drop-out=fast food worker.
-Kyesha: her mother uses her for income, and Kyesha needs her mother's housing, insurance etc).
-

Front 38

Article 39:
Our Mother's Grief
(Dill, 1988)

Back 38

-Women are primary laborors in the reproduction and maintenance of family life.
-cultural autonomy: some mother slaves killed their babies to keep them from being slaves.
-took the names of former slave owners to reestablish family ties.
-chinese laborors: laws prevented them from bringing their wives. Chinese prostitution helped to maintain the split-household family.

Front 39

Article 40:
Navigating Interracial Borders
(Childs, 2005)

Back 39

-Her oldest sisters daughter wanted to attend prom with a black male (she is married to a black man), but her mother said he was not "right" for her.
-black and white couple=deviant, unnatural, exotic, but always sexual.

Front 40

Article 41:
Straight is to Gay as Family is to No Family
(Weston, 1991)

Back 40

-the family=kinship, responsibility, or affection.
-gay/lesbian=nonreporductive being.

Front 41

Article 42:
Unequal Childhoods
(Lareau, 2003)

Back 41

-Concerted cultivation: allowing children to question rules, entitlement (middle class).
-natural growth: boundaries between adults and children, and lots of leisure time.

Front 42

Article 44:
Rereading Sex and the City
(Brasfield, 2006)

Back 42

-Charlotte wants a family but is very sexual, samantha has lustful views on sex.
-Master Narrative: to gain equal power to white, heterosexual, middle-class men.
-racism, they enjoy economic privilage.

Front 43

Article 45:
Racist Stereotyping in the English Language
(Moore, 1988)

Back 43

-Language=transmitter of culture.
-black cat, blacklist, blackmailed.
-rightness of whiteness
-passive voice: "slaves WERE brought, the railroad WAS built."
-people may be the minority in the US, but they are the MAJORITY of the world.

Front 44

Article 46:
Crimes Against Humanity
(Churchill, 1993)

Back 44

-Wisconsin "Wetbacks"
-deculturated: (native americans) taught to think and act in the manner of EuroAmericans rather than Indians.
-extermination of 6 million jews.

Front 45

Article 47:
Media Magic
(Mantsios, 1998)

Back 45

-singleminded, profit oriented purpose.
-key role: defines our cultural tastes, helps us locate ourselves in history, establishes our national identity.
-middle class=media worthy
-you never hear about the poor.
-blaming the victim: the poor brought poverty upon themselves (Ryan).

Front 46

Article 48:
Who(Se) Am I?
(Perry, 2003)

Back 46

-Misogyny: woman as bitches and hoes.
-lesbianism=male fantasy
-small waist, large breasts and butt. Only pale black faces are shown.
-color is aligned with class and women are "created".
-black girls score highest on self esteem.
-white girl=blonde, very thin, large breasts, high cheekbones.

Front 47

Article 52:
Life at the Top in America Isn't Just Better, It's Longer
(Scott, 2005)

Back 47

-class is the force in health and longevity in US.
-educated=less heart disease, strokes, cancer.

Front 48

Social Institutions

Back 48

establish societal patterns of behavior organized around particular purposes.

Front 49

Capitalism (What does it create?)

Back 49

class inequality: the profits of some stem from the exploitation of the labor of others.

Front 50

Dual Labor Market (2)

Back 50

A primary labor market: high wages, advancement, benefits, and rules of due process that protect workers rights.
-Secondary Labor Market: Women and minorities, low wages, no advancement, few benefits, little protection.
-Caused by wage gap between men vs women, and whites vs. minorities.

Front 51

The State

Back 51

Organized system of power and authority in society. ex. gov, military.
-a gendered institution.

Front 52

Family Ideology

Back 52

-known as the world of women
-places for nurturing, love and support.

Front 53

Systemic Inequality

Back 53

Built into society, not individual

Front 54

Systems of Power

Back 54

advantage and disadvantage groups depending on their social location.

Front 55

Representational Realm

Back 55

symbols, language, images that convey racial meanings.

Front 56

Social Structural Realm

Back 56

institutional sites where power and resources are distributed.

Front 57

Social Interaction Realm

Back 57

norms and behaviors observable in human relationships.

Front 58

Prejudice

Back 58

hostile attitude toward a person who is presumed to have negative characteristics.

Front 59

Racism

Back 59

system of power and privilage, manifested in attitudes but rooted in society.