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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Civil liberties |
The limits on government that allow people to freely exercise their rights |
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Civil rights |
The freedom to participate in the full life of the community, to vote, use public facilities, and exercise equal economic opportunity |
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Selective incorporation |
Extending protections from the Bill Rights to the state governments, one right at a time |
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Judicial rule |
A hard and fast boundary between what is lawful and what is not |
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Judicial standard |
A guiding principle that helps governments make judgment calls |
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Establishment clause |
In the first amendment, the principle that government may not establish an official religion |
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Free exercise clause |
In the first amendment, the principle that government may not interfere in religious practice |
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Strict separation |
The strict principles articulated in the Lemon test for judging whether a law establishes a religion |
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Clear and present danger |
Court doctrine that permits restrictions of free speech if officials believe that the speech will lead to prohibited action such as violence or terrorism |
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Accommodation |
The principle that government does not violate the establishment clause as long as it does not confer an advantage to some religions over others |
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Symbolic expression |
An act, rather than actual speech, used to demonstrate a point of view |
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Hate speech |
Hostile statements based on someone’s personal characteristics, such as race, ethnicity, religion, or sexual orientation |
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Fighting words |
Expressions inherently likely to provoke violent reaction and not necessarily protected by the first amendment |
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Prior restraint |
Legal effort to stop speech before it occurs in effect, censorship |
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Miller test |
Three part test for judging whether a work is obscene (if it has all three, the work loses first amendment protection) |
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Exclusionary rule |
The ruling that evidence obtained in an illegal search may not be introduced in a trial |
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Grand jury |
A jury that does not decide on guilt or innocence but only on whether there is enough evidence for the case to go to trial |
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Double jeopardy |
The principle that an individual can not be tried twice for the same offense |
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Miranda warnings |
A set of rights that police officers are required to inform suspects of, including the right to remain silent |
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USA Patriot Act |
Legislation that sought to enhance national security passed in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 attacks |
