Quiz 2 Study Guide

Front 1

Endocrine system

Back 1

-collection of glands that produce hormones that regulate

metabolism, growth and development, tissue function, sexualfunction, reproduction, sleep, and mood, among other things.

Front 2

Nervous system

Back 2

made up of neurons, axon, then another neuron with dendrites.

Front 3

· Synapse

Back 3

-separation from neuron 1 to neuron 2

-Gives control to the chemicals that we send.

Front 4

gland

Back 4

- Anything that sends out messages into the endocrine system

- Sends out hormone to target cells/non-target cells.

-All glands have blood vessels coming from them so that the hormones that they release can get into the bloodstream fast.

-hormones circulate through your body, only binding to the cells that have the right receptor proteins that fit them.

Front 5

Where can you find glands?

Back 5

brain (pituitary)

throat (thyroid)

kidney (adrenal)

stomach (pancreas)

baby making (gonads)

Front 6

hormone

Back 6

-diffuse and spread throughout your body into cells or not

-Steroids are derived from cholesterol and there's a bunch of different types of them.

-There are peptides, which are just chains of amino acids and monoamines, which are based on a single amino acid.

-peptide & amino hormones are water soluble and don't dissolve in lipids.

-steroids are lipid soluble, so they're able to penetrate the membrane and bind with the receptors and the cell's nucleus.

Front 7

adrenaline is in what system?

Back 7

endocrine system

Front 8

water soluble hormone

(epinephrine or adrenaline)

Back 8

-Dock with protein on surface of cell, then set up a transduction path way

-Action inside the nucleus to make specific genes, or proteins or transcribe certain genes.

Front 9

Lipid solublehormone

(testosterone)

Back 9

Move all the way into the cells

Front 10

Thyroid gland

Back 10

-secreted hormone from the anterior pituitary

-regulates matabolism, appetite, muscle function, blood pressure, heart rate, etc.

-secretes thyroid hormone which boosts metabolism

-increase in metabolism tells the pituitary to stop sending out TSH

Front 11

hypothalamus

Back 11

-liaison between nervous system and endocrine system

-tells glands what to do, based on info from senses and other nerve functions

-EX) breast feeding women will start releasing milk when their baby starts crying

-sensory info-from hypothalamus from the nervous system, telling that the baby might be hungry.

Front 12

pituitary

Back 12

-makes hormones that instruct other glands to make other hormones

-the pituitary is connected to the hypothalamus, with 2 lobes which are two diff. glands fused together.

Front 13

posterior pituitary

Back 13

-extension of the hypothalamus

-secretes 2 hormones that are actually made by the hypothalamus.

- oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Front 14

oxytocin

Back 14

stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth and helps with breastfeeding

-probably has a role in social recognition, pair bonding, organisms, and anxiety.

Front 15

antidiuretic

Back 15

secreted by the posterior pituitary, which tells the kidneys to retain water.

Front 16

anterior pituitary

Back 16

both manufactures and secretes a whole battery of hormones.

Front 17

adrenal glands

Back 17

sit right on top of the kidneys and

-in charge of making hormones that help the kidneys maintain the level of salt and water in your body

-also responds to stress

Front 18

adrenal (cortex and medulla)

Back 18

-stimulates the adrenal glad to make epinephrine (adrenaline)

-cut off blood supply to digestive system

-send blood to lungs and muscles and speed up your heart rate

Front 19

pancreas

Back 19

-regulate levels of glucose in the blood

-secretes insulin

-insulin travels around your boody and stimulates every type of body cell to absorb glucose

-liver and muscle cells convert the glucose to glycogen for storage and other cells in the connective tissue called adipose cells, convert the glucose into fat

-if low blood sugar, your pancrease releases glucagon which stimulates the liver and muscles to start the process that breaks up the glycogen and fat release the glucose so that you

Front 20

testes

Back 20

make androgens, mainly testosterone which helps with sperm making

Front 21

ovaries

Back 21

make estrogens and progestins, which stimulates the growth of the uterine lining.

Front 22

endocrine system vs. nervous system

Back 22

endocrine

- sprays hormones into blood stream, that give instructions to other glands regulating levels of salt and sugar and water in ur blood.

nervous

-carries info really quickly and responses are short-lived

Front 23

endocrine gland vs. exocrine gland

Back 23

endocrine

-keeps stuff inside body

-hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids,adrenal, pineal body, and reproductive organs

-secrete hormones DIRECTLY into the blood stream

exocrine

-send stuff outside the body

-travel through ducts, depositing substances onto epithelial surfaces which line the cavities and surfaces of blood vessels and organs throughout the body

-squamous, columnar, and cubodial

Front 24

Paracrine signaling vs. Autocrine signaling

Back 24

paracrine

-releases hormone molecules that degrade quickly and are only received within a small region of the body

autocrine

-which sends chemical signals within a cell or from one cell to the adjacent cell at most. this is what happens when in your immune system when a single t-cell realizes it needs to start cloning itself so it can fight off a virus

Front 25

how do insulin and glucagon work to maintain normal glucose levels in blood?

Back 25

-When the pancreas secretes glucagon, it suppresses insulin.

-Glucagon signals the liver and muscles to break down glycogen into glucose and release glucose back into your bloodstream.

-This keeps your blood sugar levels from dipping too low.

Front 26

pathway for milk production

Back 26

Hypothalamus -> nudge pituitary gland-> release hormones to stimulate milk production and secretion

Front 27

what % of life on earth reproduces sexually?

Back 27

99.9%

Front 28

what process is responsible for making both sperm and egg?

Back 28

meiosis

Front 29

how many chromosomes does each sperm or egg carry?

Back 29

23

Front 30

what % of sperm are non viable?

Back 30

60%

Front 31

do the fastest sperm always reach the egg and fertilize first?

Back 31

no, there might be no egg to go to because of ovulation so when they get caught, it gives them time to meet the egg at the same time

Front 32

when does a woman produce all of her eggs?

Back 32

when they are a fetus in the womb

Front 33

why are human births so dangerous?

Back 33

painful, can cause death to both the human and the baby

Front 34

what is the behavioral adaptation we use to respond to this challenge?

Back 34

uterus contracts and cervix opens up

Front 35

what hormones are responsible for initiating birth?

Back 35

prostaglandins and relaxin

Front 36

pineal gland

Back 36

hormone - melatonin

action - circadian rhythm

Front 37

posterior pituitary

Back 37

H - oxytocin , ADH

A - lactation, bonding anti-diurectic

Front 38

anterior pituitary

Back 38

H - growth hormone FSH & LH

A - cell growth ovulation

Front 39

thyroid

Back 39

H - thyroid hormones (T3/T4) calcitonin

A - metabolism, calcium levels, bone growth

Front 40

pancreas

Back 40

h- insulin, glucagon

a- lower/raise blood sugar

Front 41

adrenal cortex

Back 41

h-epinephrine (adrenaline)

a-fight or flight/stress response

Front 42

ovary

Back 42

h- estrogens

a- secondary sex characteristics

Front 43

testes

Back 43

h-testosterone

a-secondary sex characteristics