Quiz 2 Bio Anth

Front 1

Colloquial term for members of the tribe
Hominini, which includes all bipedal
hominoids back to the divergence with
African great apes.

Back 1

Hominins

Front 2

Joined by similar behaviors, emphasizing
the biocultural nature of human evolution
pertaining to the concept that biology
makes culture possible and that culture
influences biology.

Back 2

Hominins

Front 3

The roots of the primate order go back to the
beginnings of the ______at
least 65 mya.

Back 3

placental mammal radiation

Front 4

The earliest primates date to the ________and diverge from quite early
primitive placental mammals, called
________

Back 4

Paleocene
(65-56 mya)
plesiadapiforms

Front 5

A vast number of fossil primates from the
________have been discovered
and now total more than 200 recognized
species.

Back 5

Eocene (55–34 mya)

Front 6

Looking at the whole array of Eocene
primates, it is certain that they were:
1. ____
2._____
3.______

Back 6

primates,
2. widely distributed, and
3. mostly extinct by the end of the Eocene.

Front 7

_________________
• North Africa fossils dating from the early
Eocene (50 mya) and Egypt (37 mya)
• Darwinius, from the Messel site in Germany,
discovered in 2009 and dates to 47 mya, but
relationships to living primates are not
confirmed

Back 7

Early Eocene Primates

Front 8

North Africa fossils dating from the early
Eocene (50 mya) and Egypt (37 mya)

Back 8

Early Eocene Primates

Front 9

Darwinius, from the Messel site in ___discovered in 2009 and dates to 47 mya, but
relationships to living primates are not
confirmed

Back 9

Early Eocene Primates
Germany,

Front 10

_________
• The Oligocene (34–23 mya) has yielded fossil
remains of several species of early anthropoids.
• By the early Oligocene, continental drift had
separated the New World from the Old World.
• It’s been suggested that late in the Eocene or
very early in the Oligocene, the first anthropoids
arose in Africa and reached South America by
“rafting” over the water on drifting chunks of
vegetation. The ancestry of New and Old World
monkeys was separate after 35 mya.

Back 10

Oligocene Primates

Front 11

The ______ (34–23 mya) has yielded fossil
remains of several species of early anthropoids.

Back 11

Oligocene

Front 12

By the early ______, continental drift had
separated the New World from the Old World.

Back 12

Oligocene

Front 13

• It’s been suggested that late in the_____or
very early in the _____, the first anthropoids
arose in Africa and reached South America by
“rafting” over the water on drifting chunks of
vegetation. The ancestry of New and Old World
monkeys was separate after ______.

Back 13

Eocene
Oligocene
35 mya

Front 14

_________
• Apidium
• Primitive dental arrangement suggests
near or before evolutionary divergence
of Old and New World anthropoids
• Small, squirrel-like fruit and seed
eating, adept at leaping and springing

Back 14

Oligocene Primates from
Fayum

Front 15

Small, squirrel-like fruit and seed
eating, adept at leaping and springing

Back 15

Oligocene Primates from
Fayum

Front 16

____
• Primitive dental arrangement suggests
near or before evolutionary divergence
of Old and New World anthropoids

Back 16

Apidium
or Oligocene Primates from
Fayum

Front 17

Small, squirrel-like fruit and seed
eating, adept at leaping and springing

Back 17

Apidium
or Oligocene Primates from
Fayum

Front 18

_________
• Largest of Fayum anthropoids, roughly
the size of a modern howler monkey
(13-18 lbs)
• Short-limbed, slow-moving

Back 18

Oligocene Primates from
Fayum
• Aegyptopithecus

Front 19

Bridges the gap between Eocene
fossils and succeeding Miocene
hominoids

Back 19

• Aegyptopithecus

Front 20

________
1. African forms (23–14 mya)
• Especially from western Kenya, these
hominoids are, in many ways, primitive.
• Proconsul
2. European forms (16–11 mya)
• From scattered localities in France, Spain,
Italy, Greece, Austria, Germany, and
Hungary, most are quite derived.
• Dryopithecus
• Ouranopithecus

Back 20

Miocene Fossil Hominoids

Front 21

__________
• Especially from western Kenya, these
hominoids are, in many ways, primitive.
_______

Back 21

Miocene Fossil Hominoids- African forms (23–14 mya)

Proconsul

Front 22

__________
• From scattered localities in France, Spain,
Italy, Greece, Austria, Germany, and
Hungary, most are quite derived.
• _____
________

Back 22

Miocene Fossil Hominoids-European forms (16–11 mya

Dryopithecus
Ouranopithecus

Front 23

________
• The largest and most varied group from
Turkey through India/Pakistan and east to
southern China, most are highly derived.
________

Back 23

Miocene Fossil Hominoids-
3. Asian forms (16–7 mya) Sivapithecus

Front 24

________________
1. These hominoids are more closely related to
the ape-human lineage than Old World
monkeys.
2. Mostly large-bodied hominoids, more akin to
the lineages of orangutans, gorillas,
chimpanzees, and humans.
3. Most of the Miocene forms discovered are so
derived that they are probably not ancestral to
any living form.

Back 24

Miocene Hominoid Fossils

Front 25

These hominoids are more closely related to
the ape-human lineage than Old World
monkeys.

Back 25

Miocene Hominoid Fossils

Front 26

Mostly_______hominoids, more akin to
the lineages of orangutans, gorillas,
chimpanzees, and humans.

Back 26

Miocene Hominoid Fossils
large-bodied

Front 27

Most of the______ forms discovered are so
derived that they are probably not ancestral to
any living form.

Back 27

Miocene Hominoid Fossils
Miocene

Front 28

One lineage that appears well established
relates to _______ from Turkey and
Pakistan. This form shows facial features
similar to the modern orangutan, suggesting a
fairly close evolutionary link

Back 28

Miocene Hominoid Fossils
Sivapithecus

Front 29

Evidence of definite hominins from the
Miocene has not been indisputably confirmed.
However, finds from Kenya, Ethiopia, and
Chad suggest that hominins diverged
sometime in the latter ______.

Back 29

Miocene Hominoid Fossils
Miocene

Front 30

Both_______and the ______exhibit a dished
face, broad cheekbones, and projecting upper jaw and
incisors

Back 30

Sivapithecus
orangutan

Front 31

Name for members of tribe Hominini

Back 31

Hominins

Front 32

Refers to all great apes (orangutans,
gorillas, chimpanzees, and bonobos) and
humans

Back 32

Hominins

Front 33

Defined by dental features, bipedal
locomotion, large brain size, and tool
making behavior

Back 33

Hominins

Front 34

Characteristics that developed at different
rates, called_______

Back 34

Hominins

mosaic evolution

Front 35

A pattern of evolution in which the rate of
evolution in one functional system varies
from that in other systems.

Back 35

Mosaic Evolution

Front 36

In hominin evolution, bipedal locomotion
is a defining characteristic; other features
such as brain development and behavior
become significant in later stages

Back 36

Mosaic Evolution

Front 37

Bipedal: shortened pelvis; larger body and
legs; fingers and toes not as long

Back 37

Modern
Homo
sapiens

Front 38

Bipedal: shortened pelvis; differences from
later hominins, smaller body and long arms
relative to legs; long fingers and toes;
capable of considerable climbing

Back 38

Early
hominin

Front 39

Quadrupedal: long pelvis; capable of
considerable arm swinging,
suspensory locomotion

Back 39

Miocene,
generalized
hominoid

Front 40

Greatly increased brain size—highly
encephalized

Back 40

Modern Homo
sapiens

Front 41

Larger than Miocene forms, moderately
encephalized; prior to 6 m.y.a., no more
encephalized than chimpanzees

Back 41

Early hominin

Front 42

Small compared to hominins, large
compared to other primates;
a fair degree of encephalization

Back 42

Miocene,
generalized
hominoid

Front 43

Small incisors; canines further reduc

Back 43

Modern
Homo
sapiens

Front 44

Moderately large incisors; canines somewhat
reduced; molar tooth enamel caps very thick

Back 44

Early
hominin

Front 45

Large front teeth; molar teeth variable,
depending on species; some have thin
enamel caps, others thick enamel caps

Back 45

Miocene,
generalized
hominoid

Front 46

Stone tools found after 2.5 m.y.a.; trend of
cultural dependency in later hominins

Back 46

Modern
Homo
sapiens

Front 47

In earliest stages unknown; no stone tool
use prior to 2.5 m.y.a.; more oriented toward
tool manufacture and use than chimpanzees

Back 47

Early
hominin

Front 48

Unknown—no stone tools; probably had
capabilities similar to chimpanzees

Back 48

Miocene,
generalized
hominoid

Front 49

Efficient bipedalism as the primary form of
locomotion is seen only in _____.

Back 49

hominins

Front 50

________________
• Freed the hands for carrying objects and for
making and using tools.
• In the bipedal stance, animals have a wider
view of the surrounding countryside.
• Bipedal walking is an efficient means of
covering long distances.

Back 50

Advantages of bipedalism:

Front 51

Pelvis is comparatively much shorter and
broader and extends around to the side,
stabilizing the line of weight transmission
from lower back to hip joint

Back 51

Hominim Structural and Anatomical
Alterations

Front 52

The human os coxae,
composed of three
bones

Back 52

ischium, illium, pubis

Front 53

• Foot as stable support instead of a
grasping limb
• Elongated legs to increase the length
of stride
• Full extension of knee to maintain
center of support directly under the
body

Back 53

Structural and Anatomical
Alterations of Humans

Front 54

Biocultural Evolution: The
Human Capacity for _____

Back 54

Culture

Front 55

______ is a set of learned behaviors; it is
transmitted from one generation to the next
through______and not by biological or
genetic means

Back 55

Culture
learning

Front 56

Material culture is part of the ______ complex

Back 56

cultural

Front 57

All aspects of human adaptation, including
technology, traditions, language, religion,
marriage patterns, and social roles.

Back 57

The Human Capacity for Culture

Front 58

________ is defined as the study of
early humans.

Back 58

Paleoanthropology

Front 59

Paleoanthropologists reconstruct the _____
_____ and _____of our ancestors:

Back 59

anatomy, behavior, and ecology

Front 60

a diverse multidisciplinary pursuit seeking
to reconstruct every bit of information possible
concerning the dating, anatomy, behavior, and
ecology of our hominin ancestors.

Back 60

Paleoanthropology

Front 61

Locate early hominin sites, collect faunal
remains and artifacts

Back 61

Paleoanthropologists

Front 62

Stratigraphy, Flourine analysis, Biostratigraphy, paleomagnetism

Back 62

Dating Methods

Front 63

___ ____ methods tell you that
something is older or younger than something
else

Back 63

Relative dating

Front 64

_______- based on the law of
superposition, which states that a lower
layer is older than a higher one

Back 64

Stratigraphy

Front 65

______ is used to date remains of
bone

Back 65

Flourine analysis

Front 66

Chronometric (Absolute), K/Ar, or potassium argon, Carbon-14, Thermoluminescence, Uranium series, Electron spin resonance (ESR)

Back 66

Dating Methods

Front 67

_____________method used to date
materials in the 5-1 mya range

Back 67

K/Ar, or potassium argon

Front 68

_______ method used to date organic material
extending back to 75,000 years

Back 68

Carbon-14

Front 69

East Africa sites along the Great Rift
Valley where more than 2,000 _______
fossils have been found

Back 69

hominin

Front 70

_____are found in South Africa sites with geological strata
more complex than along the East African
Rift Valley

Back 70

Early Hominin
Fossils

Front 71

Paleoanthropologist Ronald Clarke carefully
excavates a 2-million year-old skeleton from the
limestone matrix at ______ cave. Clearly
seen are the cranium and the upper arm bone

Back 71

Excavation at Sterkfontein

Sterkfontein

Front 72

East Africa
*Middle Awash (Ethiopia; five localities) 5.8–5.2 mya Ardipithecus

*Aramis (Ethiopia) 4.4mya Ardipithecus ramidus

Back 72

Key Very Early Fossil Hominind
Discoveries (pre-Australopithecus)

Front 73

Central Africa
*Tugen Hills ~6.0mya- Orrorin tugenensis
*Toros-Menalla ~7.0 mya- Sahelanthropus tchadenis

Back 73

Key Very Early Fossil Hominind
Discoveries (pre-Australopithecus)

Front 74

*Middle Awash (Ethiopia; five localities) 5.8–5.2 mya Ardipithecus

Back 74

East Africa

Front 75

Aramis (Ethiopia) 4.4mya Ardipithecus ramidus

Back 75

East
Africa
Early Fossil Hominind
Discoveries (pre-Australopithecus)

Front 76

Tugen Hills ~6.0mya Orrorin tugenensis

Back 76

Central
Africa
Early Fossil Hominind
Discoveries (pre-Australopithecus)

Front 77

Toros-Menalla ~7.0mya Sahelanthropus
tchadenis

Back 77

Central
Africa
Early Fossil Hominind
Discoveries (pre-Australopithecus)

Front 78

*A. Afarensis 45 kg (99 lb) 29 kg (64 lb)

*A. Africanus 41 kg (90 lb) 30 kg (65 lb)

*South African
“robust” 40 kg (88 lb) 32 kg (70 lb)

Back 78

Estimated Body Weights in
Plio-Pleistocene Hominins

Front 79

*______________
“robust” 40 kg (88 lb) 32 kg (70 lb)

Back 79

South African

Front 80

___________
m-41 kg (90 lb)
f-30 kg (65 lb)

Back 80

A. Africanus
Plio-Pleistocene
Hominids

Front 81

____________
m-45 kg (99 lb)
f- 29 kg (64 lb)

Back 81

A. Afarensis
Plio-Pleistocene
Hominids

Front 82

_________
m- 49 kg (108 lb)
f-34 kg (75 lb)

Back 82

East African “robust”
Plio-Pleistocene
Hominids

Front 83

______
m- 52 kg (114 lb)
f- 32 kg (70 lb)

Back 83

H. Habilis
Plio-Pleistocene
Hominids

Front 84

_____
m- 151 cm (59 in.)
f- 105 cm (41 in.)

Back 84

A. Afarensis
Plio-Pleistocene
Hominids

Front 85

______
m- 138 cm (54 in.)
f- 115 cm (45 in.)

Back 85

A. Africanus
Plio-Pleistocene
Hominids

Front 86

______
m- 132 cm (52 in.)
f- 110 cm (43 in.)

Back 86

South African robust
Plio-Pleistocene
Hominids

Front 87

______
m- 137 cm (54 in.)
f- 124 cm (49 in.)

Back 87

East African “robust”
Plio-Pleistocene
Hominids

Front 88

______
m- 157 cm (62 in.)
f- 125 cm (49 in.)

Back 88

H. Habilis
Plio-Pleistocene
Hominids

Front 89

East Africa
Ardipithecus Aramis
Ardipithecus

Central Africa
Orrorin Tugenensis
Sahelanthropus Tchadenis

Back 89

Key Pre-Australopith
Discoveries

Front 90

_________
Large collection of
4.4 mya fossils partial
Africa
East
Africa
Aramis
fossils, skeletons; bipedal,
bur- derived

Back 90

East Ardipithecus

Key Pre-Australopith
Discoveries

Front 91

_______
5.2–5.8mya
Fragmentary, but probably bipedal
East Africa

Back 91

Ardipithecus

Key Pre-Australopith
Discoveries

Front 92

~6.0 mya
First hominid with postcranial
Remains
East Africa

Back 92

Tugenensis Orrorin

Key Pre-Australopith
Discoveries

Front 93

~7.0mya
Oldest hominid;
well preserved cranium; very small-brained; likely bipedal
Central Africa

Back 93

Sahelanthropus
Tchadensis

Key Pre-Australopith
Discoveries

Front 94

The best-known, most widely distributed, and
most diverse of the early African hominins are
colloquially called ______

Back 94

australopiths

Front 95

Australopiths _____mya

Back 95

4.2–1.2 mya

Front 96

This group of hominins is made up of two
closely related genera: Australopithecus and
Paranthropus

Back 96

Australopiths (4.2–1.2 mya)

Front 97

Australopiths is made up of two closely related genera:
_____ ________

Back 97

Australopithecus and Paranthropus.

Front 98

_____have an established time range of over 3 million years, stretching back
as early as 4.2 mya and not becoming extinct
until apparently close to 1 mya.

Back 98

Australopiths

Front 99

1. They are all bipedal (although not necessarily
identical to Homo in this regard).
2. They all have relatively small brains (i.e., at
least compared to Homo).
3. They all have large teeth, particularly the back teeth, with thick to very thick enamel on the molars

Back 99

Australopiths (4.2–1.2 mya)
Major features

Front 100

They are all bipedal (although not necessarily
identical to Homo in this regard).

Back 100

Australopiths (4.2–1.2 mya)

Front 101

They all have relatively small brains (i.e., at least compared to Homo).

Back 101

Australopiths (4.2–1.2 mya)

Front 102

They all have large teeth, particularly the
back teeth, with thick to very thick enamel on the molars.

Back 102

Australopiths (4.2–1.2 mya)

Front 103

Dated at between 3.5 and 3.7 m.y.a.
• Fossilized hominin footprints were found
in an ancient volcanic bed.
• Despite agreement that these individuals
were bipedal, some researchers feel they
were not bipedal in the same way as modern humans.

Back 103

Laetoli

Front 104

Dated at between 3.5 and 3.7 m.y.a.

Back 104

Laetoli

Front 105

Fossilized hominin footprints were found in an ancient volcanic bed in Laetoli,
Tanzania

Back 105

Laetoli

Front 106

Despite agreement that these individuals
were bipedal, some researchers feel they
were not bipedal in the same way as modern humans

Back 106

Laetoli

Front 107

deep
impression of the
heel and the large toe
(arrow) in line
(adducted) with the
other toes.

Back 107

Laetoli footprint

Front 108

Estimated Cranial Capacities in Early Hominins
Sahelanthropus ~____

Back 108

350(cm3)

Front 109

Estimated Cranial Capacities in Early Hominins
Ardipithecus ______

Back 109

Not known

Front 110

Estimated Cranial Capacities in Early Hominins

Australopithecus afarensis______

Back 110

420(cm3)

Front 111

Estimated Cranial Capacities in Early Hominins
Later australopiths_______

Back 111

410–530(cm3)

Front 112

Estimated Cranial Capacities in Early Hominins
Early members of genus Homo________

Back 112

631(cm3)

Front 113

Estimated Cranial Capacities in Contemporary Hominins
Sahelanthropus______

Back 113

~350(cm3)

Front 114

Estimated Cranial Capacities in Contemporary Hominins
Ardipithecus______

Back 114

Not known

Front 115

Estimated Cranial Capacities in Contemporary Hominins
Australopithecus afarensis________

Back 115

420(cm3)

Front 116

Estimated Cranial Capacities in Contemporary Hominins
Later australopiths_____

Back 116

410–530(cm3)

Front 117

Estimated Cranial Capacities in Contemporary Hominins
Early members of genus Homo_______

Back 117

631(cm3)

Front 118

An important new find of
a mostly complete
female infant A. afarensis
skeleton was announced
in 2006.

Back 118

Infant A. afarensis Skeleton

Front 119

The discovery was made
at the Dikika locale in
northeastern Ethiopia,
near the Hadar sites

Back 119

Infant A. afarensis Skeleton

Front 120

The infant comes from
the same geological
horizon as Hadar, dating
3.3 mya.

Back 120

Infant A. afarensis

Front 121

Later More Derived
Australopiths ______mya

Back 121

2.5–1.2 mya

Front 122

As they adapted to niches, australopiths
became more derived and showed physical
changes making them distinct from their
immediate ancestors

Back 122

Australopiths (2.5–1.2 mya)

Front 123

Australopiths (2.5–1.2 mya)There were at least three separate lineages of
hominins living between 2.5 and 1 mya.
_____
______
______

Back 123

• Australopithecus
• Paranthropus
• Homo

Front 124

A ridge of bone that runs down the middle
of the cranium.

Back 124

Sagittal Crest

Front 125

This serves as the attachment for the
large temporal muscles, indicating strong
chewing.

Back 125

Sagittal Crest

Front 126

7 Steps in Interpreting Hominin
Evolutionary Events

Back 126

1. Selecting and surveying sites.
2. Excavating sites and recovering fossil hominins.
3. Designating individual finds with specimen numbers for clear reference.
4.Cleaning,preparing, studying, and
describing fossils.
5. Comparing with other fossil material—in
chronological framework if possible.
6. Comparing fossil variation with known ranges
of variation in closely related groups of living
primates and analyzing ancestral and derived
characteristics.
7. Assigning taxonomic names to fossil material.

Front 127

What explains the pattern of speciation

Back 127

Patterns are evident
• Early hominin species had restricted ranges; each species exploited a
relatively small range and could easily have become separated from other
populations of its own species
Most species appear to have been at least partially tied to arboreal habitats,
some concentrating on diets of coarse, fibrous plant foods, such as roots

• Exploiting such resources may have routinely taken them farther away from the trees

Front 128

Except for some early Homo individuals, there is very little in the way of an
evolutionary trend of increased body size
or of markedly greater encephalization; no
association of any pre-australopith or
australopith hominins with patterned tool use

Back 128

What explains the pattern of speciation

Front 129

• All early African hominins show an
accelerated developmental pattern
(similar to that seen in African apes), one
quite different from the delayed
developmental pattern characteristic of
Homo sapiens

Back 129

What explains the pattern of speciation

Front 130

1. The primary task of an archeologist at a
paleoanthropological site is to ________

Back 130

search for hominin "traces."

Front 131

_________________ dating indicates
that something is older or younger than
something else.

Back 131

Relative dating

Front 132

The radiometric dating technique used to
date material from a few hundred years
old to 75,000 years old is ___________.

Back 132

Carbon-14

Front 133

Efficient bipedalism as a primary form of
locomotion is only seen in hominins.
a) True
b) False

Back 133

True

Front 134

• Close to 2 million years ago, hominins
expanded out of Africa into other areas of
the Old World.
• Since the early hominin fossils have been
found only in Africa, it seems that hominins were restricted to this continent
for as long as 5 million years.

Back 134

First Dispersal of the
Hominins

Front 135

• Close to___ million years ago, hominins
expanded out of Africa into other areas of
the Old World.

Back 135

2

First Dispersal of the
Hominins

Front 136

Since the early hominin fossils have been
found only in _____, it seems that hominins were restricted to this continent for as long as 5 million years.

Back 136

Africa

First Dispersal of the
Hominins

Front 137

• The later, more widely dispersed hominins were larger, more committed to a _______ habitat and used elaborate stone tools.

Back 137

terrestrial

First Dispersal of the
Hominins

Front 138

After ____ mya, there’s less diversity in these
hominins than in their pre-australopith and
australopith predecessors.

Back 138

2

First Dispersal of the
Hominins

Front 139

There is universal agreement that the
hominins found outside of Africa are
members of genus _____

Back 139

Homo.

First Dispersal of the
Hominins

Front 140

______ is the species for which
there is the most evidence.

Back 140

• Homo erectus

First Dispersal of the
Hominins

Front 141

The first hominin to expand into new
regions of the Old World.

Back 141

Homo erectus

Front 142

As a species, H. erectus existed over_____ years.

Back 142

1 million

Front 143

We can understand its success as a
hominid species based on ____
_____

Back 143

behavioral capacities (i.e.) more elaborate tool use)
and physical changes (i.e. larger).

Front 144

________
• Discoveries from East Africa have established
Homo erectus by 1.8 m.y.a.
• Some researchers see anatomical differences
between the African and Asian discoveries.
• They place African fossils into the Homo
ergaster species.
• Analyses show that H. erectus/ergaster
represents closely related species and possibly
geographical varieties of a single species

Back 144

Homo erectus

Front 145

Discoveries from East Africa have established
____ _____ by 1.8 m.y.a.

Back 145

Homo erectus

Front 146

Some researchers see anatomical differences
between the African and Asian Homo erectus
discoveries.
• They place African fossils into the _______species.

Back 146

Homo ergaster

Front 147

Analyses show that _____ _____represents closely related species and possibly
geographical varieties of a single species

Back 147

H. erectus/ergaster

Front 148

________implies nothing directly about shared ancestry,
but implies general adaptive aspects of a group of
animals

Back 148

Grade

Front 149

H.erectus hominins represent a different grade of
_______ than their African predecessors.

Back 149

evolution

Front 150

______refers to a grouping of organisms sharing a
similar adaptive pattern

Back 150

Grade

Front 151

Organisms that share common ancestry are said to be in the same _____

Back 151

clade

Front 152

Example: orangutans and African great apes could
be said to be in the same _____, but not in the same
clade

Back 152

grade

Front 153

Living in different environments over
much of the Old World, H. erectus
populations shared several common physical traits included in the following
list:

Back 153

Morphology of Homo erectus

Front 154

H. erectus
populations shared several common
physical traits

Back 154

Body Size
Brain Size
Cranial Shape
Nuchal Torus

Front 155

Homo erectus
Adult weight_____
average adult height of
ca. 5 feet 6 inches
• Sexually dimorphic, weight and height varied according to sex
• Increased _____ (heavily built body)
that dominated hominin evolution until
anatomically modern
H. sapiens

Back 155

>100 lbs,

dimorphic

robusticity

Front 156

Homo erectus Brain Size

Cranial capacities ______
• Brain size closely linked with overall body size
• H. erectus is larger-bodied than early Homo
sample but relative brain size is about the same
• Relative brain size of H. erectus is considerably
_____ encephalized than later members of genus
Homo

Back 156

700 cm3 to 1250 cm3

less

Front 157

Homo erectus Cranial Shape
• Thick cranial bone, large _____(supraorbital tori), and projecting nuchal torus
• Braincase long and low, with little______development
• Cranium _____at base, compared with earlier
and later species
• ________, a small ridge from front to back
along the sagittal suture, reflects bone buttressing in a very robust skull, rather than a specific function

Back 157

browridges

forehead

wider

Sagittal keel

Front 158

Homo erectus
______ A projection of bone in the back of the
cranium where neck muscles attach; used
to hold up the head.

Back 158

Nuchal Torus

Front 159

• Homo erectus evolved first in Africa, supported
by evidence of:

Back 159

1. Earlier hominins prior to the appearance of
H. erectus occurring in Africa.
2. 1.8 mya fossils at East Turkana, in Kenya,
and not long after at other sites in East
Africa.
3. Though, 1.75 mya populations in
southeastern Europe; 1.6 mya populations
in Indonesia, suggesting quick migrations

Front 160

The First Homo erectus: _____

Back 160

Homo erectus from Africa

Front 161

The earliest H. erectus fossils come from ______, from the same area where earlier australopith and early Homo fossils have been
found.

Back 161

East Turkana

Front 162

It seems likely that in East Africa around 2.0 –1.8 mya, some form of early Homo evolvedninto ______

Back 162

H. erectus

Front 163

• The smallest cranium of any H. erectus from
anywhere in Africa.

Back 163

Small Cranium from East
Turkana

Front 164

Small Cranium from East
Turkana Dated at 1.5 mya, the skull has a cranial
capacity of only_____

Back 164

691 cm3.

Front 165

The skull shows more gracile features than other East African H. erectus individuals.
• It’s been proposed that this find is a ______

Back 165

Small Cranium from East
Turkana

female.

Front 166

In 1984, Kamoya Kimeu discovered a small
piece of skull on the west side of Lake Turkana
at the site known as _____

Back 166

Nariokotome

Front 167

________ excavations produced the most complete
______skeleton ever found
• Facial bones, a pelvis, and most of the limb
bones, ribs, and vertebrae.

Back 167

Nariokotome Skeleton WT
15000

H. erectus

Front 168

• The _____ _____ is dated to
about 1.6 mya.
• The skeleton is that
of a boy about ___
years of age with an
estimated height of _____

Back 168

Nariokotome Skeleton
12
5 feet 3 inches

Front 169

Find by Louis Leakey in 1960, includes wellpreserved
cranial vault with small part of upper
face

Back 169

Olduvai Gorge

Front 170

Find by Louis Leakey in 1960, includes wellpreserved
cranial vault with small part of upper
face.
• Dated at 1.4 mya, the cranial capacity is the
largest of all the _________specimens.

Back 170

African H. erectus

Front 171

________browridge is the largest known for any
hominin, but the walls of the braincase are ____
• Similar to East African H. erectus specimens;
differs from thick cranial bones in Asian H.
erectus.

Back 171

Olduvai Gorge

thin.

Front 172

Ethiopia find dated to appx. 1.3 mya

Back 172

Gona Evidence

Front 173

Female pelvis with very wide ________,
indicating large-brained infants in utero
Perhaps newborn H. erectus with a brain that
was comparable to typical modern human baby

Back 173

Gona Evidence

birth canal

Front 174

Gona Evidence suggests, when compared with Nariokotome
pelvis, considerable sexual dimorphism in
skeletal anatomy is linked to ______ and
_______

Back 174

reproduction
body size

Front 175

Middle Awash of Ethiopia find dated to
appx. 1 mya

Back 175

Daka Evidence

Front 176

Complete cranium more like ______ than most earlier East African
remains discussed

Back 176

Daka Evidence


Asian H.erectus

Front 177

_____discounts argument that East African
fossils are different species than Asian H.
erectus

Back 177

Daka Evidence

Front 178

The Earliest African
Emigrants had A greater range of ______variation in
specimens outside of Africa at about 1.8mya

Back 178

physical

Front 179

____migrated Into Java, Indonesia by 1.6 mya

Back 179

Earliest African
Emigrants

Front 180

Middle Awash of Ethiopia find dated to
appx. 1 mya

Back 180

Daka Evidence

Front 181

Complete cranium more like ______ than most earlier East African
remains discussed

Back 181

Daka Evidence


Asian H.erectus

Front 182

_____discounts argument that East African
fossils are different species than Asian H.
erectus

Back 182

Daka Evidence

Front 183

The Earliest African
Emigrants had A greater range of ______variation in
specimens outside of Africa at about 1.8mya

Back 183

physical

Front 184

____migrated Into Java, Indonesia by 1.6 mya

Back 184

Earliest African
Emigrants

Front 185

Middle Awash of Ethiopia find dated to
appx. 1 mya

Back 185

Daka Evidence

Front 186

Complete cranium more like ______ than most earlier East African
remains discussed

Back 186

Daka Evidence


Asian H.erectus

Front 187

_____discounts argument that East African
fossils are different species than Asian H.
erectus

Back 187

Daka Evidence

Front 188

The Earliest African
Emigrants had A greater range of ______variation in
specimens outside of Africa at about 1.8mya

Back 188

physical

Front 189

____migrated Into Java, Indonesia by 1.6 mya

Back 189

Earliest African
Emigrants

Front 190

Middle Awash of Ethiopia find dated to
appx. 1 mya

Back 190

Daka Evidence

Front 191

Complete cranium more like ______ than most earlier East African
remains discussed

Back 191

Daka Evidence


Asian H.erectus

Front 192

_____discounts argument that East African
fossils are different species than Asian H.
erectus

Back 192

Daka Evidence

Front 193

Middle Awash of Ethiopia find dated to
appx. 1 mya

Back 193

Daka Evidence

Front 194

Middle Awash of Ethiopia find dated to
appx. 1 mya

Back 194

Daka Evidence

Front 195

Complete cranium more like ______ than most earlier East African
remains discussed

Back 195

Daka Evidence


Asian H.erectus

Front 196

The Earliest African
Emigrants had A greater range of ______variation in
specimens outside of Africa at about 1.8mya

Back 196

physical

Front 197

Complete cranium more like ______ than most earlier East African
remains discussed

Back 197

Daka Evidence


Asian H.erectus

Front 198

____migrated Into Java, Indonesia by 1.6 mya

Back 198

Earliest African
Emigrants

Front 199

_____discounts argument that East African
fossils are different species than Asian H.
erectus

Back 199

Daka Evidence

Front 200

_____discounts argument that East African
fossils are different species than Asian H.
erectus

Back 200

Daka Evidence

Front 201

Middle Awash of Ethiopia find dated to
appx. 1 mya

Back 201

Daka Evidence

Front 202

The Earliest African
Emigrants had A greater range of ______variation in
specimens outside of Africa at about 1.8mya

Back 202

physical

Front 203

Complete cranium more like ______ than most earlier East African
remains discussed

Back 203

Daka Evidence


Asian H.erectus

Front 204

The Earliest African
Emigrants had A greater range of ______variation in
specimens outside of Africa at about 1.8mya

Back 204

physical

Front 205

_____discounts argument that East African
fossils are different species than Asian H.
erectus

Back 205

Daka Evidence

Front 206

____migrated Into Java, Indonesia by 1.6 mya

Back 206

Earliest African
Emigrants

Front 207

____migrated Into Java, Indonesia by 1.6 mya

Back 207

Earliest African
Emigrants

Front 208

Middle Awash of Ethiopia find dated to
appx. 1 mya

Back 208

Daka Evidence

Front 209

The Earliest African
Emigrants had A greater range of ______variation in
specimens outside of Africa at about 1.8mya

Back 209

physical

Front 210

____migrated Into Java, Indonesia by 1.6 mya

Back 210

Earliest African
Emigrants

Front 211

Complete cranium more like ______ than most earlier East African
remains discussed

Back 211

Daka Evidence


Asian H.erectus

Front 212

_____discounts argument that East African
fossils are different species than Asian H.
erectus

Back 212

Daka Evidence

Front 213

The Earliest African
Emigrants had A greater range of ______variation in
specimens outside of Africa at about 1.8mya

Back 213

physical

Front 214

____migrated Into Java, Indonesia by 1.6 mya

Back 214

Earliest African
Emigrants

Front 215

The discovery of the Dman_____ materials in Republic of Georgia began in the early 1990s.

Back 215

Dmanisi Hominins

Front 216

The most informative specimens are four
well-preserved crania, with one recently
discovered being almost complete.

Back 216

Dmanisi Hominins

Front 217

• The remains are the best-preserved
hominins of this age found anywhere
outside of Africa.

Back 217

Dmanisi Hominins

Front 218

The most complete Dmanisi specimen has a less robust
and thinner______, a projecting lower face,
and a large upper_____

Back 218

browridge
canine.

Front 219

All three Dmanisi crania have small ______
capacities

Back 219

cranial

Front 220

A number of _____ similar to _____ industry from Africa, have been recovered at Dmanisi

Back 220

stone tools,

Olduwan

Front 221

_____ have an Estimated height ranging from ca 4 feet 9 inches to _____, smaller than full
H. erectus specimens from East Africa or Asia

Back 221

Dmansi
5 feet 5 inches

Front 222

_____Body proportions, however, similar to H. erectus (and H. sapiens) and different from earlier hominins

Back 222

Dmansi

Front 223

Possibilities Raised by the Dmansi
Discoveries

Back 223

1. First hominins to leave Africa were small-bodied early
form of H. erectus, with smaller brains than later forms
and carrying a typical African Oldowan stone tool
culture
2. These hominins had none of the adaptations
hypothesized to be essential to hominin migration: tall
and relative large brains
3. Perhaps two migrations out of Africa at the time: smallbrained,
short-statured Dmanisi hominins and large,
robust body build of H. erectus populations of Java
and China

Front 224

Homo Erectus from Indonesia
found in Six sites in eastern _____, dating from 1.6
mya to 1 mya, during the Early to Middle _______

Back 224

Java
Pleistocene.

Front 225

Homo Erectus from Indonesia - The______individuals date from 27,000 ya.

Back 225

Ngandong

Front 226

The epoch of the Cenozoic from 1.8 mya
until 10,000 ya.

Back 226

Pleistocene

Front 227

_____ is frequently referred to as the Ice Age, this____ is associated with continental glaciations in northern latitudes

Back 227

Pleistocene

epoch

Front 228

The famous Trinil
skullcap found by
________ in_____

Back 228

Eugene Dubois
Java.

Front 229

40 male and female adults and children
near Beijing, at ______, excavated beginning in 1920’s.

Back 229

Zhoukoudian

Front 230

Homo Erectus from Indonesia - The______individuals date from 27,000 ya.

Back 230

Ngandong

Front 231

The epoch of the Cenozoic from 1.8 mya
until 10,000 ya.

Back 231

Pleistocene

Front 232

_____ is frequently referred to as the Ice Age, this____ is associated with continental glaciations in northern latitudes

Back 232

Pleistocene

epoch

Front 233

The famous Trinil
skullcap found by
________ in_____

Back 233

Eugene Dubois
Java.

Front 234

40 male and female adults and children
near Beijing, at ______, excavated beginning in 1920’s.

Back 234

Zhoukoudian

Front 235

• Interpretations for this range from ritualistic treatment or
cannibalism to the suggestion that the H. erectus
remains are the leftovers of the meals of giant hyenas.
• Cultural remains of more than100,000 artifacts indicate
site occupation of several thousand years
• Lack of evidence of the control of fire and suggestive
evidence of bone accumulation of carnivores cast doubt
on whether the cave was home or hearth

Back 235

Zhoukoudian Homo erectus

Front 236

Reconstructed cranium
of Homo erectus from
Lantian, China, dated to
approximately 1.15 mya.
• Two adult females in
association with firetreated
pebbles and flakes
• Mandible with several
teeth similar to those at
Zhoukoudian

Back 236

Lantian cranial remains

Front 237

Date 800,000- 580,000 ya, at similar
age to Zhoukoudian
• Restored crania using imaging
techniques allows comparative
analysis
• Fauna and paleonevironmental
analysis suggests limited hunting of
young and old animals

Back 237

Yunxian County remains

Front 238

Closely related to
Zhoukoudian finds,
but later

Back 238

Hexian cranial remains

Front 239

European specimens of Homo Erectus 4

Back 239

• Atapuerca region in northern Spain, 1.2 mya
• partial jaw with few teeth;closely resembles
Dmanisi fossils; simple flake tools and animal
bones
• Gran Dolina, dated to appx 850,000-780,000 ya
• Assigning the fossils to a particular species is
problematic, based on the fragmentary nature of the
remains
• Spanish paleoanthropologists place these hominins
into a species called Homo antecessor

Front 240

_______ region in northern Spain, 1.2 mya
• partial jaw with few teeth;closely resembles
Dmanisi fossils; simple flake tools and animal bones

Back 240

Atapuerca

Front 241

European specimens of _______, dated to appx 850,000-780,000 ya

Back 241

Gran Dolina

Front 242

Spanish paleoanthropologists place these European hominins
into a species called_____

Back 242

Homo antecessor

Front 243

Ceprano Homo Erectus
Cranium

Back 243

From central Italy,
provisionally dated to
800,000–900,000 ya.
• A specimin close to
H. erectus, or
perhaps a different
species

Front 244

Technological Trends in
Homo erectus - Expansion of the brain enabled H. erectus to develop sophisticated tools that span two stone
tool industries:____and____
• Biface - stone worked on both sides and
used to cut, scrape, pound, and dig.

Back 244

Oldowan and Acheulian

Front 245

Technological Trends in
Homo erectus

Back 245

Expansion of the brain enabled H. erectus to
develop sophisticated tools that span two stone
tool industries: Oldowan and Acheulian
• Biface - stone worked on both sides and
used to cut, scrape, pound, and dig.
• Raw materials transported more consistently
and for longer distances
• Suggests foresight: knew they needed a stone
tool in the future and carried what they
regarded as useful

Front 246

______Pertaining to a stone tool industry from
the Lower and Middle Pleistocene

Back 246

Acheulian

Front 247

_____is Characterized by a large proportion of
bifacial tools (flaked on both sides).

Back 247

Acheulian

Front 248

_______ tool kits are common in Africa,
southwest Asia, and western Europe, but they’re thought to be less common elsewhere.

Back 248

Acheulian

Front 249

The Overall Picture

Back 249

Parts of earlier hypotheses are not fully accurate
• Some early emigrants from Africa do not show entire
suite of H. erectus physical and behavioral traits
• It is tempting to conclude that more than one type of
closely associated hominin is represented at Dmaisi
• Broad intraspecific variation among some hominins
• Well-established populations were dispersed in Africa and Europe in Late Pleistocene

Front 250

Increased meat consumption may have that led to increased brain and body size in Homo erectus and, ultimately, to_____expansion.

Back 250

geographical

Front 251

Do modern humans have to eat meat in order to maintain healthy brains and bodies?

Back 251

• To allow for evolutionary increases in brain
size, our ancestors would have had to find
foods with greater nutrients per unit of weight.
• The food category with the greatest amount of
nutrients per weight is animal protein.
• The pattern of amino acids humans need for good health matches the pattern found in animal protein

Front 252

Homo erectus, with a large _____, may have been the first ancestor to rely on appreciable amounts of animal protein, and descendants continue the pattern of nutrients required to maintain it

Back 252

brain

Front 253

The most obvious feature of Homo
erectus that differs from both early Homo
and Homo sapiens is _____________
size.

Back 253

cranial

Front 254

The fossil remains at Zhoukoudian were
unique because they
a) belonged to 40 adults and children
b) Provided a good overall picture of
Chinese H. erectus
c) Were lost during the American evacuation of China at the start of WWII and were studied from casts made immediately upon discovery
d) all of these choices

Back 254

d) all of these choices

Front 255

3. Discoveries in Dmanisi in the Republic of
Georgia have pushed back the time frame for hominins in Europe.
• True
• False

Back 255

True

Front 256

The Gona pelvis remains suggests a
newborn H. erectus could have had a
brain that was almost as large as what is
typical for modern human babies.
• True
• False

Back 256

True

Front 257

5. Compared to earlier members of the
genus Homo, Homo erectus was
a) smaller overall.
b) larger overall.
c) more or less the same size.
d) varied.

Back 257

b

Front 258

The portion of the Pleistocene epoch
beginning 125,000 ya and ending
approximately 10,000 ya.

Back 258

Late Pleistocene

Front 259

Climatic intervals when continental ice
sheets cover much of the northern
continents.

Back 259

Glaciations

Front 260

_____ are associated with colder
temperatures in northern latitudes and
more arid conditions in southern latitudes,
most notably in Africa.

Back 260

Glaciations

Front 261

Climatic intervals when continental ice
sheets are retreating, eventually
becoming much reduced in size.

Back 261

Interglacials

Front 262

_______ in northern latitudes are
associated with warmer temperatures,
while in southern latitudes the climate
becomes wetter.

Back 262

Interglacials

Front 263

The Kabwe (Broken
Hill) _____ ____skull from Zambia.
• Note the robust
browridges.

Back 263

Homo heidelbergensis

Front 264

The earliest evidence
of Homo
heidelbergensis in
Africa

Back 264

Bodo Cranium

Front 265

Gran Dolina finds in northern Spain may
represent___________, possibly
dating to 850,000 ya

Back 265

H. heidelbergensis

Front 266

Atapuerca site of Sima de los Huesos
remains of at least 28 individuals date to
600,000-530,000 ya (represent 80% of all
___ ___ ____remains in
the world)

Back 266

Middle Pleistocene hominin

Front 267

Premodern human populations continued
to live in caves and open-air sites, but
they may have increased their use of
caves.
• Chinese archaeologists insist that many
Middle Pleistocene sites in China contain
evidence of human-controlled fire.

Back 267

Middle Pleistocene Culture

Front 268

Researchers found concentrations of bones,
stones, and artifacts at several sites suggesting
that Middle Pleistocene hominids built
temporary structures.
• There is also evidence that they exploited
different food sources, fruits, vegetables, fish,
seeds, nuts, and bird eggs, each in its own
season.
• They also exploited marine life, a new
innovation in human evolution.

Back 268

Middle Pleistocene Culture

Front 269

supporting widely practiced advanced hunting.
• However, in 1995 wood spears were found at
the Schöningen site in Germany.
• These were most likely used as throwing
spears to hunt large animals.
• The bones of numerous horses were also
recovered at Schöningen.

Back 269

Middle Pleistocene Culture

Front 270

________ Premodern
Humans of the Late Pleistocene

Back 270

Neandertals:

Front 271

researchers into a separate species___ _____.

Back 271

Homo
neanderthalensis

Front 272

Neandertals Brain Size: ______than H. sapiens today (1520cm3 compared to 1300-1400 cm3 (perhaps adapted to cold climate).

Back 272

Larger

Front 273

Neandertals: Structure: Robust, barrel-chested, and
powerfully muscled with _____ limbs than
modern H. sapiens.

Back 273

shorter

Front 274

Neandertals: ______: Large, long, low, and bulging at the
sides

Back 274

Cranium

Front 275

Note the occipital
bun, projecting face,
and low vault.

Back 275

Neandertals La Chapelle-aux-Saints Skull

Front 276

_______among
the “last”
Neandertals.

Back 276

Neandertals St. Césaire

Front 277

A cultural period usually associated with
modern humans, but also found with
some Neandertals, and distinguished by
technological innovation in various stone
tool industries.

Back 277

Upper Paleolithic

Front 278

Neandertals improved previous techniques by
inventing a new variation, _____

Back 278

Mousterian.

Front 279

They trimmed a flint nodule around the edges
to form a disk-shaped core.
• Each time they struck the edge, they
produced a flake, continuing until the core
became too small and was discarded.
• They then trimmed the flakes into various
forms, such as scrapers, points, and knives.

Back 279

Neandertal Tools Mousterian.

Front 280

Pertaining to the stone tool industry
associated with Neandertals and some
modern H. sapiens groups; also called
Middle Paleolithic

Back 280

Mousterian

Front 281

This industry is characterized by a larger
proportion of flake tools than is found in
Acheulian tool kits.

Back 281

Mousterian

Front 282

Mousterian also called
____ ____

Back 282

Middle Paleolithic.

Front 283

Remains of animal bones demonstrate that
Neandertals were successful hunters.
• Used close-proximity spears for hunting (spear
thrower and bow and arrow weren’t invented
until the Upper Paleolithic).
• Patterns of trauma in Neandertal remains match
those of contemporary rodeo performers,
indicating close proximity to prey.

Back 283

Neandertals Subsistence

Front 284

Prevailing consensus has been that
Neandertals were capable of articulate
speech.
• Even if Neandertals did speak, they did
not have the same language capabilities
of modern Homo sapiens.

Back 284

Neandertals Speech and Symbolic Behavior

Front 285

Neanderthals buried their dead.
• Their burials included grave goods like
animal bones and stone tools.
• They placed the bodies of their dead in a
flexed position.

Back 285

Neandertals Burials

Front 286

Much of what makes humans unique is coded
in genes that have been altered by evolution in
the last few hundred thousand years.
• By looking at Neandertal DNA, we can see
which genes have been modified.
• We can then begin to explain the biological
bases of human intelligence and even perhaps
the nature of consciousness.

Back 286

Why should knowing the full genome of
Neandertals help us learn something
important about ourselves?

Front 287

The evolution of the genus Homo over the last two million years can be divided into at least ___ ___transitions.

Back 287

three major

Front 288

With regard to the evolution of the genus Homo, most paleoanthropologists have
differing opinions regarding the interpretation of the____ ___

Back 288

fossil material

Front 289

Paleoanthropologists study the sudden
expansion of modern Homo sapiens. One
problem they have is explaining what
happened to the _________________

Back 289

Neandertals

Front 290

Neandertals used fire routinely.
• True
• False

Back 290

True

Front 291

______Referring to all or part of the skeleton not including the skull. The term originates from the fact that in quadrupeds, the body is in back of the head; the term literally means “ behind the head.”

Back 291

postcranial