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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pharmacology
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-pharmako=drugs
-the study of drugs -their physical and chemical properties |
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Pharmacotherapeutics
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-Their therapeutic uses, the selection and administration of the appropriate drug at the appropriate dosage regimin
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Pharmacokinetics
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-their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (1st kidney 2nd liver) in the patient
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Pharmacodynamics
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their effects on the patient
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Drug
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Any substance that is used for the prevention, diagnosis, or treatment of disease or the modification of a physiological function
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drugs are:
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-potential poisons
-some are titrated to effect -Have an LD-50 -may be ok if given by one rout and fatal another -these are not cure alls and can not replace : nutrition, exercise, rest, or genes |
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pharmacy
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-a place where drugs are prpared, stored, and dispensed
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Sourses of drugs
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*plants- foxglove = digitalis - heart medication increases strength of contractions.
-belladonna (nightshade) = atropine *fungi- Penicillin= mold -Ivermectin =wormer *Minerals- sulfur ,Iodine(kills bacteria), magnesium sulfate(epsom salts) (associated w/ muscle spasms *Animals-thyroid extract, Insulin(pancrious), lanolin (sheep makes skin soft) |
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Lab synthesis:
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-Imitate or improve upon natural substances e.g. synthetic penicillin
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Naming drugs
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-3 names -Chemical compound : Acetylsalicylic acid
-Generic name: aspirin -Trade or Brand name: Bayer, Anacin, Bufferin |
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Vermicide/vermifunge
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agent that kills worms/ removes by expulsion
-cide= expell dead -funge= expell live |
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Development and approval of new drugs
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-researching and developmen
-testing- preliminary trials (cell cultures) -animal safety trials( mice/rat , dog, monkey, ppl) -clinical trials submin a NADA -FDA,EPA,or USDA review data and license product -FDA -CVM(center for veterinary medicine) regulates drugs and feed additives -EPA regulates topical pesticides -USDA-animal and Plant Health Inspection service (APHIS)regulate biologicals(vaccines, serums, antitoxins -Approval- gain a patent for 11-17 yrs -Continual monitoring -When patent perion expires a generic equivalent can be made by other companies *some good as original drug (same active ingrediant) |
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NADA
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-New animal drug application
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CVM
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Center for Veterinary Medicine
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APHIS
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-Animal and plant health inspection service
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EPA
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Regulates topical pesticides
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Dosing forms
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-Orals
-Topicals -Injectables -repository forms -implants -Extracts -Patches -suppositories |
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Orals
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-Tablet/caplet: compressed powder
-Capsule/gel cap: powder in gelatin capsule -Enteric coated: protects drug from breaking down in the stomach -Molded tablet: Drug + sugar or flavoring (heart guard) -sustained release: Pill that dissolves slowly over hrs/ days -solutions: syrup: drug + sucrose, Elixer: drug + Sucrose + Alcohol -Suspensions: Emulsion : drug + oil , Gel: drug + jelly like substance |
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Enteric coated
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ORAL
-Protects drug from breaking down in the stomach acid |
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Molded tablet:
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ORAL
-Drug + sugar or flavoring |
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Syrup Solution (ORAL)
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-Drug + sucrose
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Elixer soulution ORAL:
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-Drug + Sucrose + alcohol
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Emulsion Suspension ORAl:
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-Drug + oil
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Gel suspensions ORAL:
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-Drug + Jelly like substance
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Topicals
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-Tincture- Drug + alcohol
-Liniment- Drug + Oil (HORSE) |
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Injectables
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-Ampule: Glass container that must be broken (Propofol)
-Vial: has a rubber stopper- may be single or multi- use |
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Respository forms:
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-Slow release forms often given SQ where drug is in a propylene glycol solution -- LA-200 Pink eye.
-(LA)= long acting |
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Implants:
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-solid drug given in one location- slow release: (depo provera, hormone earplants
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Extracts:
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-Natural form of a drug obtained from an animal- Insulin, Pancreatic enzymes
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Patches:
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-Drug is in a patch whic is attached to the skin and slowly releases its contents over hours to days- Nicoderm, fetanyl
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Suppositories:
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-Tablet or capsule given rectally or vaganily
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Indications:
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-The reasons for using a drug
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Contraindications
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-The reasons for not using a drug
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Effcancy
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-how well it works
-the degree to which a drug produces the desired response in a patient . once the effective levelv (dose) is reached, increasing the dose will not improve the effect. |
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Safety margin or therapeutic Index (TI)
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- The ratio of the toxic or lethal dose (LD-50) to the effective dose (ED-50)
- TI = LD-50/ ED-50 -antibiotic x LD = 500 mg/# -antibiotic x ED = 5 mg/# -TI = 500mg/ 5mg = 100 mg * the larger the resulting # the safer the drug |
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Extralabel drug use:
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-Use of a drug in a way not specified on lable . veterinarians may do this if a more suitable of drug is not available. this may include:
-use in different species, purpose, route of administration and different dosage -important in the use of human drugs in cats (prozac) -Important in species w/ very few approved drugs- sheep, goats "exotic" pets. |
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In food animals, special precautions must be taken :
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-vet makes diagnosis(dispenses meds)
-vet available for follow up -must establish withholding times for milk, Meat, eggs (use FARAD) |
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FARAD
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Food animal residue avoidance database
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drugs are classified in 2 categories:
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-OTC (over the counter drugs) these have minimal potental for abuse
-Prescription: use must be approved by a doctor |
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Prescription
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-use must be approved by a doctor
-carries a label "caution federal law restricts the use of this drug to use by or on the order of a licenced veterinarian" -drug has the potental for toxicity or drug must be administered in a way that requires trained personnell |
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Controlled substances
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-Prescription drugs that have the potential for dependence or abuse by people. Vet must have a DEA # to despense
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Responsibilities of an LVT regarding drugs:
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-Order them
-inventory -interpret presctiptions -recognize incompatibilites -double check the vet -dispense -administer -know and recognize side effects -know withdrawal times -know how to find drug information |
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Anesthetic:
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Drugs which causes loss of sensation +/- amnesia local/systemic
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Controlled substances
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Drugs w/ variable potential for physical/psycological dependence or abuse
-there are 5 schedules indicated on lable w/ a large C and Roman numeral (I-V) *States have the right to be more strict that the DEA. In NYS certial C-III and IV drugs are treated/dispensed like C-II drugs |
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anorexic drugs
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-Drug that suppresses appetite
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Anthelmintic:
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-Antiparasite
-both topical and systemic |
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Antipyretic
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-lowers an abnormally high fever
-NSAID |
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Antitussive
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-inhibits or controls coughing (codeine)
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Antibiotic
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-against life several classes
*bacteriostatic *bacteriocidal |
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Bacteriostatic
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-inhibits growth or bacteria
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Bacteriocydal
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-kills bacteria
*sometimes listed as anti-infective or antimicrobials |
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anti-inflammatory
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Reduces swelling, edema, effects of inflammatory reaction (antiprostaglandin, not anti-immune system
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Cathartic
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-promotes emptying of the lower GI tract (laxatives)
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Caustic
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-causes necrosis by precipitation of proteins
-only used topically -can reach various depths of penetration w/ different agents -AgNO3 (silver nitrate) sticks surface, phenol deep penetration) |
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Demulcent
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-inert substance used to coat epithelial surfaces, also called protectants
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Depressant
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-reduces or inhibits a body function
-many act on CNS |
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emetic
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-Induces vomiting (rompun, apomorphine
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Expectorant
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-increases secretions from upper respiratory tract
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Hematinic/Hemopoietic
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-drugs used to stimulate formation of rbc's or hemoglobin (bone marrow to make more RBC's)
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Hemostatic
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-agent used to control serious hemorrhage
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Narcotic
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-CNS depressant
-older meaning drug with possibility for addiction/drug abuse |
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Sedative
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-CNS depressant produces relaxation/relief from anxiety
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C-I
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-Drugs w/ extreme potential for abuse
-no known or accepted medical use -only available to researchers (heroin, LSD, Marijuana) |
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C-II
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-Drugs with high potential for abuse/dependence
-Morphine, pentobarbital (used in euthanasia drugs), codeine |
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C-III
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-Drugs with moderate potential for abuse/dependence
-Ketamine, telazol, pentothal, tylenol w/ codeine, cough meds w/ codeine |
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C-IV
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-Drugs w/ low abuse potential
-Phenobarbital (seizures) , Valium |
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C-V
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-Drugs w/ very low abuse potential
-subject to state/local regulations -Lomotil, Robutussin AC |
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Surveillance of controlled substances:
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-vets registers w/ DEA and gets a DEA #
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Schedule II drugs C-II
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-Must be ordered on a DEA form 222 (triplicate form)
-one copy each to DEA, drug company, Veterinarian -prescribed w/ single-part prescription form -Keeps DEA up to date on who is using (addictive) drugs |
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C-III, IV, V
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-No special order form just need to give drug company your DEA #
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All controlled drugs must be logged:
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-must keep receipts of drugs received in to clinic: date,name/address of supplier, Kind/quanity of drug
-Separate inventory for each substance used: Date of administration/dispensing, name address of owner, kind/# of drug -DEA can inspect at any time |
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An actual physical inventory of Controlled substances biennially
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- Name/address of vet
-Name/size/quantity of each drug -date/time of inventory -must be signed by vet or vet tech |
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storage of controlled substances
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-Locked,substantially built cabinet or safe
-fixed to floor or wall -hinges not exposed -Out of the way area -thefts must be reported to police and DEA -Inventory kept w/ drugs |
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Dispensing drugs
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-Doctor-owner-patient relationship
-C-II No refills must see patient each time, dispense 1 month at a time supply -C-III , IV: can refill 5x in 6 months -drugs easier to let pharmacist dispense controlled - drugs dispensed on farms by a vet must have a vet's lable even if they are OTC medications |
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Labeling
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-child proof container
-orange color label for controlled -name/address Phone of vet -Name/address of owner -name and species of animal -date dispensed -name of drug and directions -statement: controlled substance: dangerous unless used as directed. federal law prohibits transfer of this drug to patient other than who it is prescribed for |
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Disposal of controlled substances: (excess, outdated, obsolete)
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-get permission for "on-site" disposal (need a witness) -burn?
-reverse distribution -DEA will allow dumping in coffee grounds or kitty litter sometimes NYS dose not -+/- return to originel distribution if unopend -DEA mandates that controlled drug records be kept for 2 yrs -NYS DOH BNE mediates be kept for 5 yrs |