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71 Cards in this Set
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Nutrition |
The sum of all processes invovled in consuming feed and utilizing the components for promoting growth of tissue or replacement of worn tissue |
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Nutrient |
A chemical element or compound in the diet or external environment of an organism that norishes or sustains the body |
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Whats included in the external environment? |
Soil, GI Tract (interior & lumen) |
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3 requirements to be a essential or indispensable nutrients? |
1 required for normal metabolic function 2 animal cant make it w/o in suffiicient quantities or not at all 3 deprivation leads to clinical signs i.e. sickness |
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What is conditionally essential nutrients? |
Nutrients that are essential only during specific stages of the life cycle when animal cant synthesize enough to meet needs |
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What is conditionally essential nutrients? |
Nutrients that are essential only during specific stages of the life cycle when animal cant synthesize enough to meet needs |
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About how many essential nutrients are there? |
40 |
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Why study nutrition? |
1 helps learn more about ani. body 2 provide info abt nutrient requirements and proper feeding 3 provide info that can be applied to humans & ani Info can be used to improve diet/health of all ani |
3 key things |
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Who is Antoine Levoisier? |
French chemist Founder of the science of nutrition Est chemical basis of nutrition |
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Name the 6 classes of nutrients |
Water Carbohydrates Lipids Protein & other nitrogen containg compounds Minerals Vitamins |
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What nutients are in Dry matter? |
(All except water) Carbs Vitamins Minerals Protein Fat |
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What organic components are found in dry matter? |
Carbs Lipids Protein Vitamins |
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What inorganic components are found in dry matter? |
Only minerals |
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What are the functions of nutrients in the body? |
1 provide energy (carbs, lipids, proteins) 2 promote growth and maintenance of tissues (proteins, lipids, minerals, water) 3 regulation of body processes (all except carbs) |
3 functions |
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Whats the process of photosynthesis? |
Chlorophyll containing cells convert energy from sun to chemical energy |
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Plant cells characteristics |
Use a process called photosynthesis Synthesize amino acids from inorganic nitrates in soil Higher % of carbohydrates than ani cell Store energy as carbohydrates Have a cell wall made of carbohydrates |
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Animal cell characteristics |
Greater % of fat & concentration of protein then plant cell Store enery as fat (triglycerides) Have a membrane (phospholipid bilayer & protein) |
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What are 2 major minerals in animals? |
Calcium and phosphorous found in bone |
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What are 2 major minerals in plants? |
Silicon and potassium Silicon in grasses wear down teeth |
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What are plant & ani cells 2 major components? |
Water & dry matter (organic and inorganic matter) |
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Define feeds |
Naturaly occuring ingredients fed to ani for the purpose of sustaining them |
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Define feedstuffs |
Any component of a diet of natural or artifical orgin that has nutritional value when prperly perpared |
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Whats the IFN? |
International feed number Feed classification- what grass - stage of growth Administered by the national research council |
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What are forages? |
Plants grown for feeding animals (WHOLE plant) Vegetative materials in fresh, dried, or ensiled state High in NDF |
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What are some examples of forages? |
Pature, hay, silage |
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Define roughage |
Bulky feeds w/ a low weight per unit volume High in fiber High in neutral detergent fiber |
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What is structural carbohydrates? |
Carbohydrates that make up cell wall which are cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin Also lingin (not a carbohydrate) (NDF) |
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What are readily available nutrients? |
Nutrients in cell insides which are sugars and proteins |
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Significance of crude fiber (CF) |
Measure portion of feedstuff not digestible Contain cellulose and lignin (acid detergent fiber) inc ADF dec digestibility |
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What are two major forage families? |
Grasses, which are narrow leaves on a cylindrical stem and legumes, which have 3 leaflets per stem |
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What is 1 major grass category? |
Cool season grass known as C3 or temperate plants Grown best less than 80° Stores carbs for regrowth but slow lowering quality Matures slower more nutritious |
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What is another major grass category? |
Warm season grass Called C4 or tropical plants Efficient in solar energy, co2, & h20 to make carbs Grow at 95-105° Deep root sys. adapted to water stress Low protein, high fiber |
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In NC what kind of cool and warm season grass exist? |
NC as temperate climate Cool: fescue, orchardgrass, timothy, and ryegrass (pasture forage) Warm: bermudagrass and switchgrass |
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2 ways to plant patures |
Mixed patures Cool grass in one pasture & warm in the other |
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Characteristics of legumes |
Hold bacteria in root sys. (rhizobia turn N into ammonia) Dont need N fertilization & inc N in soil Greater protein concentration and calcium Ex... clover & alfalfa |
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3 Generalizations of forage quality |
1 leaves are more noutrious than stems (soluble carbs=high digestibility) higher quality greater leaf:stem ratio 2 young plants noutrious than old plants, protein dec 3 lugumes: better quality than grass, high L:S ratio, Ca, Mg Ruminates eat no problem |
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Cotton that is feed to cattle |
Cotton textile mill byproduct: mostly cellulose to beef cow Cottonseed hulls=imp. Roughage for beef & dairy (palatable) |
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Examples of hulls that are roughages? |
Oat, peanut, Cottonseed, and soybean hulls |
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Define pasture |
An area of land where there is a growth of forage ani, can graze |
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What are 2 ways of preserving forages? |
Hay and silage |
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Nutrients required in the greatest amt by plants |
Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium Proper pH too low add lime |
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4 Stages of maturity of plants |
1 leafy vegetative 2 boot w/ seed heads enclosed in leaf sheath 3 heading seed heads show, protein dec. 4 bloom (protein, minerals dec: cell wall content inc= low quality) |
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Effects of undergrazing |
Is more mature forage that has low nutrition and less palatable Drive out lower grown grass (orchardgrass shade white clover) Less digestible |
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What are 3 grazing management systems? |
Continuous, rotational, and strip grazing |
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Describe continuous grazing |
Uninterrupted grazing throughout grazing season Adv: less mgmt & capital input in low Disadv: ani graze in patches, low forage quality, feces in 1 area, & low stock rate |
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Effects of overgrazing |
Weak plants (less leaf surface) Soil erosion Weeds invade |
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What is rotational grazing |
Sys that uses 2 or more pastures that are grazed then rested in a planned sequence Adv: better forage growth/condition, plants recovery period, dec over/undergrazing, feces distributed, stock greater Disadv: more capital input for water sys, more mgmt |
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Describe strip grazing |
Same as intensive rotational grazing Movable electric fence to fence off small areas/paddlocks Ani moved after days of grazing Adv: better forage use, less selection, greater stock Disadv: cost of water sys & fence, more mgmt, inc labor cost |
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Potential problems for grazing ani |
Bloat, nitrate toxicity, grass tetany, fescue toxicosis, endophyte-free |
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Describe bloat |
Legume patures (alfalfa & clover) Ruminants susceptible (foam accumulation) entrap gass=distension (suffucate, die) Anti bloat: poloxalene (destabilize foam), limit grazing, mixed pature |
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Describe nitrate toxicity |
From excess nitrate accumulation in plants (N fertilization and drought) Ruminants susceptible Cause respiration, trembles, convulsions, death Prevent: test forage, blend hay, let regrow |
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Describe grass tetany |
Low magnesium intake=low blood mg concentration in body Rapid growth of cool grass in spring=plant low mg, high K, high organic acids Ruminants susceptible Causes: incoordination, convulsions, death Prevent: MgO supplements |
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Describe Fescue toxicosis |
In all grazing ani. (Kentucky 31) Hardy due to fungus (endophyte=insect resist, tolerance to bad soil) Compunds toxic to ani Cattle:dec intake, hair loss, lameness, less heat-tolerant Horse: abortion, long birth, dec milk |
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Describe endophyte-free |
Fescue not hardy but expensive (can germinate) Endophyte-friendly has fungus but no toxic (Max Q) |
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Define hay |
Forage harvested durung the growing season and perserved by drying Reduce moisture to 10-15% (alfalfa) |
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Factors that determine quality of hay |
Species of grass (grasses/legumes:calcium shatter when raked) (cool & warm) Stage of maturity (inc mature dec quality) General handling Weather when cut ( Rain less souble nutrients) |
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What are the 4 steps to making hay |
1 mow (conditiong roller thru roller to crush stem) 2 cure (dry) 3 rake into windows (10 wheel rake) 4 collect and store (wrap retains nutrients) |
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What is silage? |
Or haylages, fermented forage stored w/o O2 in a silo more nutrition value Fed to dairy/beef cattle (corn silage) Moisture 60-70% Cut into pieces, packed in silo (anaerobic), then sealed |
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define coproducts feeds |
Concentrates and roughages other than the primary products from animal and plant processing |
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What to think about when buying coproducts |
1. Cost: cheaper 2. More variability bc not main concern 3. Palatability 4. Transportation cost: Wet feed, high trans cost (nearby) 5. Cost per unit protein or e+ 6. Toxic components: arcinic |
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Protein supplement coproducts |
Expensive Produced in large quantities Great quality control Reduce variation |
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What are cereal plants |
Annual grass Whole seed (cereal grains) i.e. corn,wheat,barley,oats Coproducts are energy feeds: protein supplements(corn gluten meal) or roughages |
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Major industries that process grains |
Brewing Distilling Wet milling Dry miling |
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3 Main parts of a seed |
1. Seed coat & bran layer: protective layer (fiber & protein) 2. Endosperm: starch & gluten= nourishment to embryo (protein) 3. Germ: embryo develops (protein, oil, phosphorous) |
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Describe mob-grazing |
Short duration, high intense grazing Inc stock rate, multiple daily moves |
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Describe the 1st step in a silo |
Aerobic phase: enzymes & bacteria active Leads to dec in O2 and inc heat |
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Describe the 2nd step in a silo |
Fermentation: anaerobic bacteria multiply 2 acids produced: acetic acid & lactic acid (major acid) (4-10% of DM) |
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Problems with silage |
Too wet: seepage=nutrition loss High in pH=butyric acid= poor quality Too dry: hard to pack, improper ferment leads to mold |
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Different types of silos |
Upright(tower): concrete stave/glass lined, packed by gravity Blue angels: expensive, fiberglass, unload 4rm bottom Horizontal: above ground (bunker)/ below ground (trench) packed w/ tractor, cover w/ platic & tire Bag: on firm ground, more mobile |
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Facts of Energy feeds |
Higher in e+ density and lower in fiber Highly digestible <18% CP, <35% cell wall |
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What are Concentrates |
Inc e+ density of diet, low in fiber, digestible Low protein content : Carbonaceous feed <20% CP High protein content: Nitrogenous feeds >20% CP (Protein supplement) Ex...soybeans meal |
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