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63 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
multiple sclerosis
progressive disease that destroys patches of myelin in the brain and spinal chord
disrupts signals in cns
leads to sensory disorders and weakened muscles
periods of relapse and remission
numbness, pain, disturbed vision, muscle weakness/paralysis
-unbalanced, slurred speech, bladder inctinence, fatigue, depression
autoimmune-immune system attacks myelin sheaths-interferes with conduction of signals
lymphocytes attack myelin
inflammation attacks axon itself.
can identify by looking for MS specific antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid
mri to look for lesions
anti inflammatory, interferon s and glatiramer acetate act to control immune system
mtoxantrone
bacteria abundant in intestines but not stomach
secretion of parietal cells kill bacteria in stomach
somatic motor neuron carries
motor commands to skeletal musculature
difference btw cuboidal epithelia cell of proximal verses epithelial cell of distal convoluted tubules is
proximal tubule cells have long microvilli that are fewer than or absent from distal tubules
ganglia
are groups of neuron cell bodies
unicate fits
are imagiary smells
primary olfactory cortex is in uncinate region of cerebrum
may result from irritation of olfactory pathway by brain surgery or head trauma
can be olfactory auras experienced before seizures
an aneurysm
-sac like widening of outpocketing of an artery
-risk of vessel rupturing
-can be from congenital weakness of artery wall or from gradual weakening by hypertension or arteriosclerosis
-common site is abdominal aorta and arteries to brain and kidney
-more common in men
-if detected before rupture by palpation, ultrasound, or CT treated by:
-replacing affected section with synthetic graft or placing a strong walled tube inside part
if bile can't be secreted can't digest
lipids
emphysema
-permanent enlargement of alveoli
-caused by deterioration of alveolar walls
-caused by smoking-related chronic inflammation of lungs and increased activity of lung macrophages whose lysosomal enzymes seem responsible for destroying alveolar walls and breaking down elastin
-chronic inflammation also leads to fibrosis and lungs become less elastic
-difficult becomes difficult and exhausting
-bronchioles open during inhalation, colapse during expiration trapping a lot of air in alveoli
-enlarges lung leads to barrel chest that flattens diaphram and decreases ventilatory efficiency
-forces right ventricle to enlarge through overwork
-treated with bronchodilators and anti inflam drugs
-lung volume reduction surgery-part of lung removed and gives remaining lung room to grow, not for severe
increase in permeability of collecting tubule cells to water due to
an increase in production of ADH
Angina pectoris
-term for pain caused by deficient blood delivery to heart wall
-heart muscle cells weaken but don't die
-symptom of CAD or coronary artery disease
-direct result from tissue hypoxia or stress induced spasms of atheroclerotic coronary arteries
-occur during exercise when vigoriously contracting heart may demand more o2 than can provide
Atherosclerosis
accumulation of fatty deposits in inner lining of body's arteries and blocks blood flow through arteries.
Atherosclerosis of coronary arteries lead to C.A.D
prolonged atherosclerosis of coronary artery
myocardial infarction or heart attack when cardiac muscles die
sharp pain in chest
kill directly by severe heart weaking of indirectly by heart rhythm disruptions caused by damage to conducting system
-cardiac muscle doesnt have satellite cells so don't really regenerate-heart attack damage irreversible
silent ischemia
blood flow to heart interupted without pain
Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis
inflammatory bowel disease
-noncontagious
-periodic inflammation of intestinal wall
-characterized by chronic leukocyte infiltration of wall
-symptoms: cramping, diarrhea, weight loss, intestinal bleeding
-sub type of inflammatory bowel disease is Crohn's disease:
-deep ulcers and fissures in entire intestine but mainly in
terminal ileum
Ulceratitve colitis other sub type
-shallow inflammation of mucosa of large intestine mainly rectum
-all due to abormal immune and inflammatory response to bacterial antigens
-special diet low in fiber and dairy
-reduced stress, antibiotics and anti inflam and immunosuppressants
chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
common theme to development of atherosclerosis
an inflammatory response to damaged endothelium
large intestine-
-contains abundant bacterial flora
-includes ascending, transverse, and descending colon
-absorbs much of water and salts remaining in wastes
-NOT main site of nutrient absorption
why can corneas be transplanted without fear of rejection
look up more on this
bc no blood supply
nasal cavities
look up more
warm air
vessel in fetus connecting pulmonary trunk to aortic arch so most blood bypasses immature lungs
ductus arteriosus
stenosis
when valves become stiffened by calcium deposits
MITRAL VALVES
left side of the heart, therefore take in very oxygen rich blood.
therefore stenosis here would result in buildup in pulmonary circuit
tricuspid valve
blood coming from body that is low in oxygen
macrophages of the CNS
microglial
what makes the myelin sheath in CNS? in PNS?
In CNS-oligondendrocytes
In PNS- schwann cells
Pericardium
triple layered sac that encloses the heart-has outer fibrous of strong dense connective tissue, a pericardial cavity and the epicardium which is on top of the myocardium
-epithelial cells lining cavity secrete lubricating serous fluid that reduces friction between beating heart and outer sac
Pericarditis and Cardiac Tamponade
-infection and inflammation of the pericardium is PERICARDITIS.
-rouphens serous lining-causes friction and creaking sound when heart beats
-pericarditis characterized by pain behind sternum
-over time adhesions of heart to outer pericardial wall or pericardium can scar and inhibit heart movements
SEVERE CASES
fluid from inflammation exudes into pericardial cavity-fibrous pericardium thick so fluid compresses heart
-can't pump-called CARDIAC TAMPONADE
treated by inserting needle and draining fluid,
-also when blood accumulates like when stabbed
structure of blood vessel walls
walls of blood vessels have three distinct layers or tunics
tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica externa that surround the lumen
tunica intima-
innermost, closest to lumen-"intimate contact with blood"
-contains endothelium-simple squamous
-these flat endothelial cells form smooth surface that minimizes friction of blood moving across some larger vessels also have thin loose connective tissue called subendothelial layer just external to endothelium.
tunica media
middle layer
-primarily circularly arranged sheets of smooth muscle fibers and in between are elastin and collagen fibers
-contraction of smooth muscle decreases diameter called vasoconstriction
-relaxation vasodilation
-elastin and collagen give strength and flexibility
-vasodilation and constriction controlled by vasometer nerve fibers
-tunica media thicker in arteries than in veins bc arteries function to maintain blood pressure
tunica externa or tunica adventitia
layer of connective tissue that contains many collagen and elastic fibers
-cells and fibers run longitudinally
-protects vessels, further strengthens and anchors vesssels to surrounding structueres
ventricular fibrilation
ventricles are unable to pump blood into arteries because random rapid firing of electrical impulses within ventricular cardiac muscle prevents coordinated contraction
like quivering bag of worms
-results from crippled conducting system and most common in cardiac arrest and sudden death in patients damaged by coronary artery disease
semilunar valves are located between
ventricles and great arteries
vagus nerve parasympathetic fibers effect
slow the heartbeat
pulmonary veins carry _blood into _
carry oxygen rich bloods into left atria/ventricle
superior and inferior vena cavae, as well as the coronary sinus carry _blood into the _
oxygen poor blood into right ventricle
Meniere's syndrome
membranous labyrith distorted by excess amt. of dolymph
-disturbed equilibrium that results in vertigo
-nausea, vomiting and ringing in ears that can ultimately result in hearing loss
-treated with antimotion drugs
may need diuretics is severe
-restrict dietary intake of salt decrease excess fluid
surgery to drain
or removal of labyrinth
during embryonic development retina develops from
an outpocketing of the diencephalon
Pinna
or auricle shell shaped projection that amplifies sound
cataracts
clouding of lense
-distortion frost
-can be age or congenital
-can be from excess sun, smoking, or meds like steroids, long term aspirin or tamoxifen
-inadequate delivery of nutrients to deep fibers
-can be surgically remode and replaced with artificial lens
macula
-spot of sensory epithelium,
-receptor cells that monitor position of head-measure balance called static equilibrium
-otoliths are tips of stiff hair
-otoliths horizontal, when head tilts heavy otoliths pull down, bending receptor hairs and signal vestibular nerve to tell brain head tilted or vertical still tell what position.
signal brain
pudendal nerve
innervates muscles and skin of perineum , helps stimulate erection, responsible for defecation of urine
block pain in perineum during childbirth or for surgery of anal and genital regions
cristae-
contains receptors for rotational equilibrium
sympathetic
excites things (bc sympathetic to help you deal with things)
parasympatheitc
takes things down back to before
nodes of ranvier
space between myelin sheaths made of schwann cells in the PNS
migraines result of
inappropriate activity of trigeminal nerve
medulla
controls heart rate, respiration, and blood vessels
Alzheimers
-degenerization of brain that results in dymensia
--mental defects, loss of memory, short attention, depression, disorientation
-worsens progressively until hallucinations
-accumulation of protein plaques around neurons
probz caused by APP
cell bodies of sensory neurons of spinal chord locatied in
dorsal root ganglia
Tic Douloureux
-extreme pain with slight touch of face
-contsriction of the trigeminal nerve by blood vessel
trigeminal nerve is main face nerve
not fatal but dehibilitating
rhombecephalon
part of the hind brain
Pyelonephritis
-infetion of renal pelvis and calices called pyelitis
-inflammation of renal pelvis
-spreads oto whole kidney becoming Pyelonephritis
-results from spred of e.coli from anal region through urinary tract
also occurs when bloodbourne bacteria lodge in kidneys and proliferate
-kidney can swell and scar
-abcesses form and pelvis fills with pus
-treated with antibiotics
dyskinesia
degeneration of basal ganglia
Parkinson's and Huntingtons"
1.Parkinsons-
-slow jerky movements, tremors, muscle rigidity, difficulty starting voluntary movements
-degeneration in the midbrain that would normal inhibits basal ganglia
-ultimate cause unknown
2. Huntington's
-overstimulation of motor activities
-limbs jerk uncontrollably
-degenration of corpus striatum and then cerebral cortex
-inherited, don't know what genetic defect
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Lou Gehrig's disease
muscle degeneration
degeneration of pyramidal tracts-muscles waste away
as tracts deteriorate scar tissue hardens in
weakness begins in hands, difficulty swallowing speaking
after age fourty
relentless and always fatal, die within 3yrs
intensive care extends life
cause unclear
may result from excess of glutamate over stimulates then kills neurons
myelomeningcoele
a product of cystic fibrosis
cystic fibrosis when meringes around spinal chord inflate into baglike cyst. when spinal chord enters into cyst result is a myelomingcoele
Phlebitis
inflamation of a vein, painful throbbing and redness of skin
often bc of bacterian infection or local physical trauma
hyperopia
farsightednedness
when eye short, can see far but not near
Presbyopia-middle age-lens thickens cant see near
myopia
near sighted
shape of eye changes cant see far
tinnitus
ringing, whistiling, humming coming from with ears
phantom cochlea noise caused by destruction of some neurons along auditory pathway
treatment masking noise
bio feedback
pneumothorax
lungs collapse as air enters
air breaks seal of pleural fluid that holds lung to thoracic wall
chest trauma or overexertion raises intrathoracic pressure
lung pops like a blown up paper bag
surgically closed
diverticulosis
formation of multiple sacs bc of pressure that colon inserts on wall bc of low fiber diet
leads to dull pain and may rupture and cause anal bleeding