Q5 Gnmd Quiz 1 Lasku Study Guide

Front 1

1. Common infectious agents in PID

Back 1

-Gonococcus, chlamidiae, enteric bacteria, and staphylococci, streptococci, clostridia (after spontaneous or induced abortion)

Front 2

2. Vulvar Carcinoma

Back 2

-Morphology:
a. HPV related: HPV 16,18, multicentric, associated with smoking,
poorly differentiated
b. Non-HPV related: older women, unicentric, associated with
squamous cell hyperplasia and lichen sclerosis, well-differentiated

Front 3

3. Condyloma Acuminatum

Back 3

-Etiology: sexually transmitted, HPV 6,11, not pre-cancerous
-Morphology: wartlike tumors that look like cocoa pebbles, histo: Koilocytes and perinuclear vacuolization

Front 4

4. Paget’s disease of the Vulva

Back 4

-Morphology: pruritic red, crusty, sharply demarked, map-like area on labia majora, histo: large clear tumor cells within squamous epithelium

Front 5

5. Adenomyosis

Back 5

-Morphology: small, soft, red or cystic areas in myometrium, spongy
myometrial wall, endometrial glands and stroma found in myometrium
-S+S: asymptomatic OR pelvic pain, dysfunctional uterine bleeding, dysmenorrhea, and dyspareunia

Front 6

6. Endometriosis

Back 6

-Morphology: foci of endometrium appear red-blue to yellow-brown nodules, chocolate cysts of ovaries, posterior uterus
-S+S: Severe dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, pelvic pain, dysuria, infertility (30- 40%)
-Complications

Front 7

7. Endometrial Polyps

Back 7

-Etiology: unknown, but may grow in response to increased estrogen
-S+S: asymptomatic or can cause bleeding
-Morphology: benign sessile masses that are 0.5-3.0 mm that project into
endometrial cavity

Front 8

8. Endometrial Hyperplasia

Back 8

-Etiology: prolonged high levels of estrogen
-Morphology: cystic, adenomatous, or adenomatous hyperplasia with atypia
-S+S: abnormal bleeding, high risk for endometrial carcinoma
-Complications: metrorrhagia, menorrhagia, or menometrorrhagia, or
carcinoma

It is related to prolonged high levels of estrogen, persistent anovulation in young women, polycystic ovarian disease, functioning granulosa cell tumors of the ovary, administration of estrogenic substances

Front 9

9. Leiomyoma

Back 9

-Morphology: sharply circumscribed, round, firm, gray-white tumors from
small to massive
-S+S: asymptomatic, abnormal bleeding, urinary frequency, pain, impaired
fertility, often multiple

Front 10

10. Ovarian Cyst

Back 10

-Etiology: unruptured graffian follicles or ruptured and immediately sealed,
abnormal gonadotropin release
-Morphology: multiple, up to 2 cm, filled w/ clear, serous fluid that may
contain estrogen and progesterone
-S+S: pelvic pain, can induce precocious puberty or menstrual irregularities,
can rupture and cause abdominal pain (follicular)

*functional luteal cysts: originate from corpus luteum, continued progesterone productions causes menstrual irregularities, pain from rupture, self-limiting

Front 11

11. Polycystic Ovarian Disease

Back 11

-Etiology: Elevated testosterone, LH, LH/FSH >2, estrone, hyperinsuliemia (insulin resistance); Young women
-Morphology: ovaries are double in size with numerous subcortical cysts 0.5-1.5
cm. Hyperthecosis; no corpora lutea. Endometrial hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma
-S+S: Stein-Leventhal syndrome: numerous cystic follicles, oligomenorrhea (50%), anovulation, obesity (40%), hirsutism (50%), virilism, infertility (75%).

Front 12

12. Ovarian Cancers

Back 12

*common, risk factors: nulliparity, family history, pathogenesis: BRCA 1+2,
p53, abdominal pain, distension, abdominal and vaginal bleeding

Front 13

Surface epithelial cells:
Serous tumor-

Back 13

common cystic tumors, 75% benign, 40% of cancers of ovary, papillary and psammomma bodies possible

Front 14

Mucinous tumor-

Back 14

large sticky masses d/t glycoproteins; 80% benign, Pseudomyxoma peritonei, not bilateral, malignant, lack psammomma bodies, endocervix-like or intestinal lining cells

Front 15

Germ cells:
Teratoma-

Back 15

dermoid cysts, struma ovarii (thyroid tissue), carcinoid tumor t hat induces carcinoid syndrome, can be bilateral, hair and sebum produced, immature malignant, excellent prognosis, neuroepithelial tubules

Front 16

Dysgerminoma-

Back 16

20-30 decade, malignant, usually unilateral (90%), extremely radiosensitive, some HcG, same appearance as seminoma

Front 17

Yolk sack tumor-

Back 17

produce AFP, and α1-antitrypsin; children or young
women with abdominal pain and mass, Shiller Duval bodies!

Front 18

Choriocarcinoma-

Back 18

produce HcG

Front 19

13. Ovarian Fibroadenoma

Back 19

a. Granulosa-theca cell tumor: large amounts of estrogen, benign,
endometrial hyperplasia with bleeding
b. Fibrothecoma- unilateral, can produce estrogen, call exner bodies, Meigs
syndrome= ovarian tumor, hydrothorax, ascites, resolves after resection of
tumor
c. sertoli-leydig cell tumor: produce androgens, crystals of Reinke, yellow,
some are malignant, induce masculinization

Front 20

14. Fat Necrosis

Back 20

-Etiology: trauma, surgery, radiation therapy
-Morphology: adipose tissue inflamed and necrotic, areas of calcification,
chronic inflammatory cells present

Front 21

15. Mastitis
Acute Mastitis

Back 21

-Etiology: Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus
-Morphology: unilateral, acute inflammation, single/multiple abscesses
-S+S: inflammation of breasts during nursing, cracks and fissures of nipples

Front 22

Periductal Mastitis

Back 22

-Etiology: smokers
-Morphology: keratinizing squamous epithelium blocks ducts
-S+S: painful erthyematous subareolar mass, fistula is formed from under the
nipple onto the skin at the edge of areola

Front 23

16. Fibrocystic Changes

Back 23

-Etiology: hormonal imbalance, excess estrogen, functioning ovarian
tumor, deficiency of progesterone
-Morphology: cysts, fibrosis, adenosis, benign, but may mimic carcinoma
-S+S: pain, palpable lumps, nipple d/c

Front 24

17. Fibroadenoma

Back 24

-Morphology: Sharply circumscribed and freely movable masses, fibrous
capsules and calcification on histo, hormonally responsive
-S+S: Palpable mass in young women, and a mammographic density in older
women. There is a mild increased risk in developing breast cancer

Front 25

18. Carcinoma of the breast

Back 25

Most common type: invasive ductile carcinoma, left breast UOQ,
cribiform pattern, microcalcifications, arises from terminal ducts