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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Behavior |
Any activity of an organism that can be observed/measured |
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Learning |
relatively permanent change in behavior that results in some type of experience |
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Classical Conditioning |
Pavlov conditioned behavior Bell: food--> Salivation Bell-->Salivation |
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Operant Conditioning |
Skinner Voluntary, goal-directed behavior strengthen/weaken behavior as a result of its' consequences lever press->Food effect: likelihood of lever pressing increases |
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Aristotle |
Empricist (nurture) knowledge is gained in lifetime Laws of Association |
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Nature v Nurture |
Nature: innate, born with knowledge (Plato) Nativist Nurture: gain knowledge, born blank slate, empiricism, acquired through laws of association (Aristotle) |
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Laws of Association |
Law of Similarity: events similar are readily associated with one another Law of Contrast: events opposite are associated together Law of Contiguity: events close in proximity are associated Law of frequency: more frequently items occur together, more strongly associated |
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Descartes |
Dualism- Mind & Body = behavior reflexive behavior: mechanistic ex. remove hand from fire voluntary behavior: free will, humans only ex. go to class |
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John Locke |
British Empiricist, all knowledge's function of experience conscious mind's composed of basic elements combined through association into sensations/thoughts= complex thought born with blank slate, tabula rasa |
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Structuralism |
Titchner, wundt possible to determine structure of mind by identifying basic elements that composed it introspection: conscious perception of stimulus, all conscious experiences monitored Lasting impact: reliance on sci method of systematic observation eventually abandoned due to lack of replicability of findings reliance on conscious experiences- confounding variables, focus on unobservable events |
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Functionalism |
Darwin, James Mind evolved to help us adapt to the world study using introspection, observing animal behavior consciousness & learning is an adaptive trait |
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Evolution |
Darwin. traits vary, traits are inherited, and competitive for limited resources Natural selection: individuals adapt to environment and reproduce, pass along capability of adapting characteristics evolutionary adaptation: trait that evolved as a result of natural selection |
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Behaviorsm |
Watson, monistic view(observable information, mind/body not separate) psych should be concerned with observable behaviors no introspection or mentalistic concepts consequences of behavior's important natural science |
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Law of Parsimony |
simpler explanations for a phenomenon are generally preferable to more complex explanations behaviorism |
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Morgan's Canon |
one should interpret animals behavior in terms of lower, primitive processes Behaviorism |
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1. methadological behaviorism |
for methodological reasons psych. should only be studied through observable behaviors ignore thoughts/feelings view of learning's mechanistic, all behaviors reflexive |
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S-R theory |
learning's believed to involve connection between stimulus and response chain of responses to stimuli |
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2. Hull's Neobehaviorism |
psych infer the existence of internal events that might mediate between environment and behavior environmental events-->internal events(intervening variables, physiological (food))-->observable behavior |
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3. Tolman's Cognitive Behaviorism |
believes need more broad, molar level of behavior behaviors more than just a chain of responses, it's an overall pattern of behavior directed toward a particular outcome intervening variables could be helpful, use in form of hypothesized cognitive processes to explain behaviors |
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Cognitive Map |
mental representation of one's spatial surroundings, latent learning |
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Latent learning |
learning occurs despite absence of observable indication of learning learning v performance ex. non rewarded rats learned maze in 1st ten trials and learned as well as food group |
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4. Bandura's social learning theory |
imitation- observable learning self-referent thoughts- our abilities to influence behavior reciprocal determinism- environmental events, behavior, and personal variables(internal events, thoughts/feelings) influence each other |
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5. Skinner's Behaviorism |
rejects the use of internal events to explain behavior thoughts/feelings are behaviors themselves emphasize influence of environment on overt behavior countercontrol- deliberate manipulation of environmental events to alter impact on our behavior |
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Behavior Analysis |
basic principles of behavior are applied to solving real-world problems behavior modification |
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Stimulus |
Any event that influences behavior aversive: avoided ex. heat appetitive: seek out ex. food increase/decrease frequency of behavior |
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motivating operations |
procedure that affects stimulus establishing: increases appetitiveness/aversiveness ex. deprivation, absence of event abolishing: decreases appetitiveness/aversivness ex. satiation, prolonged exposure to stimulus |
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contiguity |
extent to which 2 events co-occur temporal- close in time spatial- close in proximity |
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contingency |
predictive relationship between 2 events, form of a functional relationship (relationship between IV and DV) |
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behavioral definition |
unambiguous, clearly defined measured objectively assures reliable, valid, repeated easily |
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Rate of response |
frequency response occurs during a certain time ex. # of presses/hr used because it's definable, highly sensitive to other variables, precision learning |
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cumulative recorder |
# of responses over time with graphic depiction of rate of behavior -steeper slope, higher rate of response cumulative record of performance |
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Discrete Trial procedure |
response latency- length of time required for behavior to begin response speed- how quickly/slowly behavior occurs response intensity- force of behavior response topography- physical form of behavior, how lever's pressed |
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Free operant procedure |
response rate, duration, # of errors |
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Interobserver reliability |
intervals with agreement/total intervals |
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time-sampling recording- |
variant of interval measures whether or not behavior occurs during each interval within series of discontinuous intervals (intervals spaced out) not measuring number of responses in each interval, measuring number of intervals with at least one response |
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interval recordings |
measurement of whether or not behavior occurs during each interval within series of continuous intervals pro- dont have to record every response, also good if difficult to determine start/stop of behavior not measuring number of responses in each interval, measuring number of intervals with at least one response |
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Naturalistic Design |
Descriptive, systematic observation and recording of behavior in natural env. pro- ideal for studying inherie behavior, animals con- many confounding variables, cant assume cause-effect |
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case studies |
prevalent in medical research, often not systematic, researcher bias, limited to generalized times, people, places con- confounding variables |
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control group design |
experimental, individuals randomly assigned to control or experimental group comparitive design- use diff species pro- asses general effects of variables con- requires many subjects, focus on average of performance of group, results analyzed only at the end |
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single subject design |
simple comparison (AB)- comparing baseline scores to treatment scores reversal comparison (ABA, ABAB)- repeated alterations between A & B phase pro- allows entire experiemnt for 1 subject, often don't need statistical tests for measuring behaviors if meaningful con- inappropriate in which treatment intends to produce longterm effects, ethically wrong to remove treatment |
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multiple baseline design |
treatment's implemented at successive points in time for 2 or more subjects, behaviors, settings pro- dont have to remove treatment, good for long term effects con- need more than 1 person |
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changing criterion design |
useful when measuring gradual changes measure changes in which effect of treatments demonstrated by how closely behavior matches criterion being altered ex. self punishment & cigs |
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using animals |
pros- ability to control genetics and learning history, ability to more strictly control subjects environment, good if harmful to humans IACUC- approves research for animals |
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skinner box |
operant chamber, better than maze, more control, eliminates confounds |
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SDR |
During choice phase: error-->end trial correct-->Sr Cycle (tone+sr delivery-->end) choice ommission-->end trial outcomes: trial initiation response-->choice phase initation omission-->end trial performance based reversal criteria: 3 consecutive sessions w/ > 85%, or 20 sessions with stable response |
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measurement period |
continuous: single experimental session, interval recording noncontinuous: time sample recording |