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167 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Absolute manarchy
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System in which a ruler has complete authority over the government without limits on his/her powers
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Absolutism
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Political system in which the monarch has supreme power and contol over the lives of the people in the country.
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Acid rain
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Toxic pollution that is produced by the burning of fossil fuels. It affects plants, animals, and people who have respiratory illness.
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African National Congress (ANC)
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Group formed in 1912 to wrok for black rights in South Africa. This group led the fight against apartheid and continues to encourage independencs for the black majority.
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Age of Exploration
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Period from 1400 to 600 during which European monarchs sent explorers to find new trade routes, resources, and land in Asia, Africa, and the Americas.
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Agrarian economy
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economic system that centers on agriculture as the chief source of wealth.
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Agrarian Revolution
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change in the farming method in English during the 1600s that dramatically increased farm production.
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Alliance
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Agreement between two or more countries that provide for their mutual defense or protection.
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Animism
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traditional African religion; a belief that the spirit dwells in a living and nonliving things
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Anthropologist
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social sciencist who studies the physical characteristics orgins, culture, and artifacts of human beings
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Anti-Semitism
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prejudice against the Jewish people
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Apartheid
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(Afikaans word - apartness) an official policy of strict segregation of teh races; practiced in South Africa from 1945 until it was repealed in 1991.
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Appeasement
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policy of giving in to the demands of the aggressor toavoid war; policy used by England and France to satisfy Hitler's demands for land during the 1930's.
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Arabic numerals
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Numbers first developed by mathematicians in Gupta, India, and adapeted by most of the Western world (counting 1, 2, 3, ect)
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Archaelolgist
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social scientist who studies past human life by examining the monument and relics left by ancient people.
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archipelago
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chain or group of islands
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aristocracy
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government ruled by nobles or the upper class.
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Armistice
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temporary agreement to stop fighting
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astrolabe
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instrument that determines latitude by measuring teh postion of the stoars; one of the technologicla improvements that the European borrowed from the muslims that contributed to the Age of Exploration.
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balance of power
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distribution of military and economic powers among rival nations so that one nation does not have more power than its neighbors or other nations.
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balance of trade
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difference in valuse between a nation's imports and exports over a period time.
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Black Death
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Bubonic plague or contagious disease during that 14th century whose death toll is estimated to have exceed 100 million in Europe, Asia, and Africa.
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Bolsheviks
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left-wing majority group of the Russian Socialist Democratic Party under the leadership of Nikolai Lenin, which seized control of the government by revolution in November 1917; the group was later called Communists
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bourgeoisie
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middle class between aristocrats and workers. This term was used by Marx and Engels in the Communist Manifesto to describe the capitalists, or factory owners, who exploit the worker, or the proletariat. In the Middle Ages, the bourgeoisie were membres of the merchant class or the townpeople of the city.
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Buddhism
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major religion of eastern and central Asia founded in 6th century B.C. and based on the teaching of Siddhartha Gautama, who believed people must reject the material world and follow a philosophy of self-denial and mediaton.
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Bushido
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traditional code of the Japanese warrior class (the samurai) during the feudal period; emphasizes layalty and honor to the local warlord over allegiance to the Emperor.
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Byzantine Empire
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eastern part of the Roman Empire; existed from 330 A.D. to 1453 A.D.; preserved teh rich cultural heritage of the ancient Greeks; saved Roman texts from destruction after the fall of the western part of the Roman Empire in 476 A.D.
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caliph
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title for the successor to Muhammad as the political and religious leader of Islam
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calligraphy
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elaborate handwriting that Chinese and Arab scholoars turned in to an art form; characters or symbols represent words and ideas
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capitalism
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economic system in which the means of production and the distribution of goods and wealth are controlled by individuals and operated for profit. Consumers have freedom of choice to buy or not to buy goods.
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Caste system
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division of society into four major groups based on occupation or birth; a rigid social system that was characteristic of traditional Hindu Indian society.
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Christianity
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belief system based on the teachings of Jesus Christ tahat began in the Middle East about 2000 yrs ago and was rooted in the monotheistic religion of Judaism
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Citizen
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member of a state or country
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city-state
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small independent state taht consists of a city and territory surrounding it; associated with ancient Greece
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civil disobedience
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nonviolent or passiave resitance; refusal to obey unjust laws that are morally wrong
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civilization
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advanced form of society characterized by a complex social system, some form of writing, and advances in science and technology.
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clan
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extended family unit or groups of families that have a common ancestor or family ties
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Classical Period
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name for hte period in history that pertains to the artistic style of ancient Greece and Rome; their civilation was at its highest and ws sonsidered the Golden Age
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class system
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social division of society based on wealth, birth, education, occupation, or race.
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Codified law
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organized and writeen set or rules or laws
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Cold War
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period of tension and hostility between the United States and the Soviet Union after 1945 because of their different political and economic systems; worldwide struggle without actual fighting between the two powers; ended in 1991 with the collapse of the Soviet Union.
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collectivization
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system under communism in which many small farms were combined into large farms owned and operated by the government and worked by the pheasants; started by Stalin in the late 1920s.
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Command economy
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economic system in which the central authority makes all the production decisions on what and how to produce goods.
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Commerical Revolution
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Changes in the economies of Europe in teh Middle Ages in which there wa a growth of towns, banking systems,and trade among nations; the econoic changes that opened up Europe to a global economy based on worldwide trade.
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Communism
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Form of socialism proposed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; characterized by classless society that supports a common ownership of the means of production and equal distribution of the products society; no class struggle and the government will wither away
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Confucianism
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belief system based on teh teaching of the Chinese philosopher Confucius, also known as Kung Fu Zi; emphasizes traditional values such as obedience, knowing each person's role in society and respect for education, elders, and leaders.
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Conquistadors
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Spanish explorers who conquered land in the Americas for Spain during the 1500s and the 1600s.
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Constitutional Monarchy
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system of government in which the power of the king or queen is limited or defined by the legisature or parliamentary body
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consumer goods
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tangible economic products used to satify the wants and needs of a society
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containment
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policy of the United States toward teh Soviet Union during the Cold War to prevent the spread of communism in the world
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Coup d'etat
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(French term) swift overthrow of government by force or by a small group of people
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Crusades
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religious wars between Christian Europe and teh Muslims for control of the Holy Lands lasting for 1096 A.D. until 1246 A.D.
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cultural diffusion
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spread of ideas, customs, and technology from one group or region to another
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Cultural Revolution
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program organized by Moa-Zedong in China in the 1960s against those who opposed the Communist government. Mao used the Red Guards (Chineses Youths) to purge China of anyone who disagreed with his ideas or policies.
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culture
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people's way of life, which includes language, customs, religion, traditions, and institutions
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cuneiform
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ancient Sumerian form of writing developed around 3000 B.C. The wedge shaped characters were formed by pressing a stick into wet clay.
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Czar
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title of the Russian Emperor; also spelled tsar
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decolonization
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process by which European Colonies in Africa and Asia became independent countries after World War II ended
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Deforestation
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destruction of a forest, especially the tropical rain forest, to clear the land to raise food or sell the lumber. The remaining soil is of poor quality because heavy rains wash away the nutrients; the land become barren.
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democracy
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system of government in which the people rule.
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demographic pattern
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population distribution
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depression
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period of drastic economic decline, characterized by a large increase in unemployment, falling prices and wages
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desalination
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The process of removing salt from the sea water in order to make it drinkable
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desertification
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process by which fertile land becomes a desert due to natural causes or sometimes by man's destructive use of the land.
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detente
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relaxation of tension between the United States and teh Soviet Union during the 1970s. The policy was developed by the U.S. President Richard Nixon and the Soviet Leader Leonid Brezhnev.
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Developed countries
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highly industrialized nation that have advanced technology.
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Developing countries
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countries that are in teh process of industrializing, have limited resources, and poor educational and health systems; mainly located in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
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dharma
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religious duties and rights of each individual of each calss within the Hindu belief system.
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Diaspora
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forced scattering of the Jewish people from their homeland in Palestine by the Chaldeans in 586 B.C. and later by the Romans in 70 A.D., resulting in the establishment of Jewish communities throughout the Europe and North Africa; scattering of African people because of the slave trade.
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dictatorship
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system of government in which one person or one party rules the government with absolute control.
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disarmament
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reduction or limiting weapons and military forces as outlined in a treaty
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dissident
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a person who openly disagrees with the policies or methods of a political party or government, such as those who disagree wth the policies of the Communist Party in China and Cuba
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Divine right
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belief taht the king and queen was God's earthly representative and recievedall power directly from God.
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domestic system
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system of manufacturing pror to the Industrial Revolution in which weaveers and craftsman produced at home.
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dynasty
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series of rulers from the same family or line of descent
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economics
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study of how people make a living; how goods and services are produced and distributed to satisfy people's needs.
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embargo
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government order restricting the selling of a particular product to or trading with another nation
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empire
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groups of territories controlled by one ruler or government
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encomienda
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system established by the Spanish government in the Americas that enabled the colonists to tax or get labor from the Native Americas
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enlighted despot
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absolute ruler who bases decisions on the Enlightenment ideas; uses absolute power to begin social changes
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Enlightenment
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period known as teh Age of Reason in the 18th century Europe. Enlightened thinkers believed that one use reason to understand teh universe; thy rejected traditional ideas based on authority
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Estates-General
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legislative assembly of France composed of clergy, nobles, and commoners
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ethic
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standards or rulers that guide human behavior
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ethic cleansing
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term used to describe the forcible removal or murder of Muslims former Yugoslav provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina by the Serbian Christian majority during the years 1992 - 1995; similar policy used by serbs in Kosovo against the Muslims in 1998.
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ethnic group
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group of people sharing a common language, religion, history, and cultural heritage.
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ethocentrism
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prejudical belief that one's culture or standards are superior to those of other societies
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extraterritorality
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special right of citizen of a forgeign country to be tried for a crime by the laws and courts of their own nation; applied to Westerners in China during the 19th and 20th centuries
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factory system
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system that brought workers and machines together to produce goods in large quantities; began in the British textile industry during the Industrial Revolution
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famine
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drastic shortage of food that results in severe starvation and hunger
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fascism
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political philosophy that glorifies the nation over individual. A dictator has complete control, suppresses all opposition, promotes a policy of extreme nationalism and racism, and has no regard for democracy.
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Fertile Crescent
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larcge arc of land in the Middle Eastern area between the Tigris and teh Euphrates Rivers; mostly desert or semiarid land; called the Cradle of Civilization
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Feudalism
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political, economic, and social system developed in Europe and Japan during the 1100s in which land is controlled by the local lard, who owed allegiance to higher lard and monarch. The lord allowed the land in exchange for protection.
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Five Pillar of Wisdom
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basic belief of Islam that include: one God, Allah, praying five times a day, fasting during the moth of Ramada, making a pilgrimage to Mecca, and giving alms to the poor
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Five-year Plan
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series of economic goals set by the government in either a Communist or Socialist system; instituted by Joseph Stalin in Russia in 1927 to build up industry and improve farm production
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Fossil fuel
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fuel such as oil, coal, wood, and natural gas
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free enterprise
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economic system in which individuals and businesses have the freedom to operate for profit with little or no government interference.
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free trade
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removal of trade restrictions among nation
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genocide
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deliberate effort to kill all members of an ethnic or religious group
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geography
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one of the social sciences that studies the people, the enviroment, and the resources of an area
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glasnot
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Russian term for "openness";refers to Mikhail Gorbachev's effort in the 1980s to introduce political reform in the Soviet Union by providing freedom of speech and press
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globalization
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integratio of capital, technology, and information across national borders, creating a single global market and, to some degree, a global village
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Great Depression
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worldwide economic decline that began in 1929 and ended in 1940; businesses and banks failed and there was widespread joblessness
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Great Leap Forward
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five-year economic program introduced my Mao Zedong in China in 1958; designed to improve China's agricultural and industrial production
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greenhouse effect
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rise in the global temperature due to the excessive carbon dioxide and pollutants that create a layer in the atmoshere taht traps the heat
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Green Revolution
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twentieth-century technological advances in agriculture that have led to increased food production on a limited parcel of land
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gross national product (GNP)
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total value of goods and services produced in one year; indicator of a country's standard of living
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heavy industry
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industries requiring complex machinery in the production of iron, steel, and coal
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heliocentric theory
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belief that the sun is the center of the universe and that the earth and the planets revolve around it
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hierarchy
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group of people or things arranged or organised by rank or level of importance.
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hieroglyphics
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ancient Egyptian writing system that uses pictures and symbols to represent sounds, words, or ideas
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Hinduism
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major religion of India based on a rigid caste system containing rules for proper behavior. Karma, or a person's behavior, influences his or her reicarnation after death into a higher and lower caste. An endless cycle of rebirth is created for each soul.
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Holocaust
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Nazi genocide against Jews and other minorities during World War II, resulting in the death of millions of people
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Holy Land
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sacred Israel/Palestine area where Christian, Islanic, and Judaic shrines are located commemorating the birth of their religions
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humanism
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intellectual and cultural movement of the Renaissance stressing the significance of each individual; focused on the secular world and a return to a study of the classical works of Greece and Rome
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human rights
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freedon and rights that all people belonging to a society are entitled to, such as freedon of expression, life, religion, right to vote, and equal protections before the law
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ideology
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system of beliefs and ideas that guide a nation or group of people
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illiteracy
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inability to read or write; one measure of a country's industrial development and standard of living
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imperialism
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policy whereby one nation dominates by direct or indirect rule the political, economic, and social life of a foreign country, region or area
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indemnity
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payment of damafes or losses suffered during war
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Industrail Revolution
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historical event taht began in the textile industry in England in the 18th century reulting in the shift from the manufacturing of goods by hand to the use of machinery, along with social and economic changes accompanying the change
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inflation
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economic sysle resulting in a general rise in prices and a decline in the purchasing ower of money
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interdependence
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mutual way in which the economies of countries are dependent on the goods, resources, and knowledge from other parts of the world
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internet
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global computer connection using telephone lines or modems providing on-line contact with people and information on most subjects
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intifada
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Palestinian uprising against the territory held by Israel that lasted from 1987 until 1988
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Iron Curtain
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term coined by Winston Churchill in 1949 to describe an imaginary line dividing Soviet Communist-donimated Eastern Europe and the Democracies of Western Europe
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Islam
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name that means submisson to the will of God; major religion f the Middle East founded in the seventh century A.D. by the prophet Muhammad whose teaching include belief in God - Allah
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Islamic Fundamentalists
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Muslims who believe that public and private behavior should be guided by the principles and values in the Koran. They are against the materialism of Western society.
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isolationism
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policy of avioding or limiting involvement in the affairs or conflicts of other nations
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jihad
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Muslim holy war to spread the Muslim faith
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Judaism
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Momotheistic religion of the Hebrews whose spiritual and ethical principles are rooted in the Old Testament of the Bible and in Talmud.
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junta
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group of military officers who rule a country after seizing power
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Justinian Code
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codification of Roman law by the Emperor Justinian in the 6th century that greatly influenced the Western legal system
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kaiser
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German word for emperor used in the 1870s and the early 1900s
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karma
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belief in Hinduism, that people's lifelong deeds and actions affect thier fate in their future life
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kibbutz
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collective farm established by Jewish settlers in Israel that are based on socialist principles of shared ownership and communal living
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Koran
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sacred book of Islam containing the revelations made by Allah to Muhammad
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kulak
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group of wealthy peasants in the Soviet Union who opposed the collectivization of agriculture in the 1920s and 1930s
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Laissez-faire
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economic policy stating that there should be a "hands-off" or limited government involvement with private business
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Law of Twelve Tablets
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basis of Roman law written on twelve tablets around 450 B.C. and displayed in the marketplace for all to see and know
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less-developed countries (LDC)
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countries with few industries and poor health and educations systems
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liberalism
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political philosophy supporting social changes, democracy and personal freedom
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liberation theology
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movement in the Catholic Church in Latin America in the late 1970's and 1980s urging the clergy to take an active role in changing the social conditions of the poor.
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limited monarchy
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system of government in which the king's powers are not absolute but specifically guided by a consititution or legislative body
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literacy rate
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percentage of people in a country with the ability to read and write; method used to measure the standard of living of a country
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mandate of heaven
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belief in ancient China that the Emperor received the authority to rule from heaven (God), and in the return the people owed compete obedience to teh ruler; devine right theory
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manoralism
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economic and social system in Medieval Europe; a self-sufficient community in which the serfs were bound to the land and were required to work on the lord's manor or estate that consisted of farmland, a village, the lord's castle, and surrounding lands administered by the lord.
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market economy
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economic system in which the laws of supply and demand and the price influence the decision of the consumer and the producers of goods
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Marshall Plan
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formally known as the European Recovery Act; American economic aid package proposed by Secretary of State George Marshall in 1947 to assist European countries in rebuilding after World War II as a way to strengthen democratic governments against communism. The United States gave $17 billion in aid from 1947 to 1951
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Marxism
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political and ecomomic theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in support of economic interpretation of history that contributed to a class struggle between the haves and the have nots; belief that private ownership must be abolished in favor of collective ownership
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matriarchy
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system in which ancestry is traced through the mother and her descentants
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medieval
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historical period known as the Middle Ages lasting form about 500 A.D. until the beginning 1400s
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Meiji Restoration
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period lasting from 1868 to 1912 when Japan adopted Western ways in order to become a modern and industrialized nation
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Mercantilism
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economic theory developed during the 17th and 18th centuries in which the colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country; wealth and power of a country based on exporting more than it imported through strict regulation of colonial trade
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mestizo
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people of mixed European and Native American ancestry in the Spanish colonies of Latin America.
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militarism
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policy glorifying the armed forces; support of aggressive military preparedness
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mixed economy
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economic system combining government regulation of industries with private enterprise of capitalistic characterstics
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moderization
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change in a nation from a traditional economy or way of life to modern ideas, methods and technology
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isolationism
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policy of avioding or limiting involvement in the affairs or conflicts of other nations
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jihad
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Muslim holy war to spread the Muslim faith
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Judaism
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Momotheistic religion of the Hebrews whose spiritual and ethical principles are rooted in the Old Testament of the Bible and in Talmud.
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junta
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group of military officers who rule a country after seizing power
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Justinian Code
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codification of Roman law by the Emperor Justinian in the 6th century that greatly influenced the Western legal system
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kaiser
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German word for emperor used in the 1870s and the early 1900s
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karma
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belief in Hinduism, that people's lifelong deeds and actions affect thier fate in their future life
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kibbutz
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collective farm established by Jewish settlers in Israel that are based on socialist principles of shared ownership and communal living
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Koran
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sacred book of Islam containing the revelations made by Allah to Muhammad
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kulak
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group of wealthy peasants in the Soviet Union who opposed the collectivization of agriculture in the 1920s and 1930s
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