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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is Tidal Volume (TV)? |
the fluctuation of volume during normal inspiration and expiration |
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what is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)? |
the difference between maximum tidal volume and maximum total lung capacity |
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what is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)? |
the difference between the minimum tidal volume and the max extra volume of air that one can expire |
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what is residual volume (RV)? |
the volume of air that remains in lungs after one's most forceful expiration |
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what Is vital capacity (VC)? |
IRV + TV + ERV |
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what is functional reserve capacity (FRC)? |
ERV + RV |
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what do chemo receptors do? |
monitor changes in pH, PaC02 and Pa02; stimulation= increased ventilation |
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what is Boyles law? |
pressure is inversely related to volume; Inhale: lower diaphragm, volume increases, pressure decreases in lungs increases, pressure decreases in lungs |
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what are the main muscles of inspiration? |
external intercostal muscles diaphragm |
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what are the accessory muscles of inspiration? |
sternocleidomastoid muscles scalene muscles (used during exercise when TV is increased) |
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what are the accessory muscles of expiration? |
abdominal muscles internal intercostal muscles (used when TV is high during exercise, coughing, or when there is an airway obstruction ) |
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how does surface tension affect the lungs? |
water molecules have tendency to adhere to each other on the alveoli and this makes expansion difficult |
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what is the role of surfactant ? |
Helps to separate water molecules on the alveoli and decrease surface tension |
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what is elastic recoil ? |
the tendency of the lungs to return to original shape after inspiration |
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what is compliance? |
how well the lungs and chest wall can be stretched |
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what Is airway resistance? |
resistance of respiratory tract to airflow during inspiration and expiration (more resistance= less airflow) |
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what are the 2 ways oxygen can be transported? |
1. dissolved in plasma 2. bound to hemoglobin |
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how do you calculate O2 content? |
O2 content= (Hb x SaO2 x 1.34) + (PaO2 x 0.003) |
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what are the 3 ways that carbon dioxide Is transported? |
1. dissolved in plasma 2. through bicarbonate 3. carbamino compounds (bound to blood proteins) |
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how do you calculate TV? |
size of breath= breathing rate x volume of air per breath (L/min) |
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what is hypercapnia? |
alveolar hypoventilation; decreased TV; resp acidosis; high PaC02 causes cerebral vasodilation; increased ICP |
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what is the most common cause of hypercapnia? |
resp depression |
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what is hypoxemia? |
decreased Pa02; ventilation-perfusion abnormalities (shunting) |
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what are the causes of hypoxemia? |
high altitude, hypoventilation, fibrosis,pulmonary edema |
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what is pulmonary edema? |
fluid accumulation in the air spaces and parenchyma of the lungs; dyspnea, resp crackles, hypoxemia |
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what are the 3 causes of pulmonary edema ? |
1. valvular dysfunction, CAD, Left ventricular dysfunction 2. injury to capillary endothelium 3. blockage of lymphatic vessels |
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what are the common obstructive disorders? |
asthma, emphysema, chronic bronchitis |
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what is asthma? |
inflammed and narrowed airways; certain irritants and allergens can worsen this; wheezing, coughing, SOB, mucus secretions |
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what is COPD? |
combination of emphysema and chronic bronchitis |
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what is the most common cause Of COPD? |
smoking |
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what is chronic bronchitis? |
hypersecretion of mucus and chronic productive cough (@least 3 months x 2 consec. yrs); mucus traps bacteria and impairs cilia |
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what is emphysema? |
enlarged airways, destruction of alveolar walls , loss of elastic recoil |
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what are the bacteria that cause community aquired pneumonia? |
strep. pneumoniae, H. influenza, moraxella catarrhalis, S. aureus, rhino virus |
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what is tuberculosis? |
highly contagious airborne infection; bacillus survives macrophage eating and replicates by eating each other, macrophages seal off bacillus colonies and form tubercle; positive PPD skin test |
