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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The ability to form and defend your own judgements rather than blindly accepting or instantly rejecting what you hear or read
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Critical Thinking
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Statements that can be verified by someone other than the speaker
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Facts
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Subjective judgements based on experience or expertise, not capable of being verified by someone else
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Opinions
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The process of identifying your goals and then determining how best to achieve them
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Strategic Planning
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Interaction that builds connection between people that helps them to understand each other and recognize common interests
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Communication
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The particular context in which a speech takes place
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Situation
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The study of how messages affect people
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Rhetoric
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A situation in which people's understanding can be changed through messages
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Rhetorical Situation
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The people who assemble to listen to a speech
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Audience
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Formation of common bonds between a speaker and the audience
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Identification
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The specific setting for the speech; the context in which it takes place
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Occasion
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A problem that cannot be avoided but that can be solved, or at least managed through the development of an appropriate message
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Exigence
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Intended to give listeners new information and to influence their thought and action
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Deliberative
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The goal of the speech, the response sought from the listeners
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Purpose
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The main idea of the speech, usually stated in one or two sentences
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Thesis
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The speaker's character as perceived by the audience
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Ethos
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The beginning of the speech, designed to get the audience's attention, to state the thesis, and to preview the development of the speech
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Introduction
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The substance and structure of a speech's ideas
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Logos
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The speaker's evoking of appropriate emotion from the audience
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Pathos
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The largest portion of the speech; includes the development of supporting materials to prove the thesis and any subsidiary claims
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Body
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All forms of evidence that lend weight to the truth of a claim
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Supporting Materials
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The ending of the speech; draws together the main ideas and provides a note of finality
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Conclusion
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A speech in which only one main idea (the thesis) is offered and established
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One-point speech
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A mode of presentation in which the main ideas and structure have been worked out in advance but specific wording has not been developed
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Extemporaneous
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An outline used in developing a speech; main ideas and supporting material are usually set forth in complete sentences
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Preparation Outline
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An outline used while presenting a speech; typically consists only of key words written on an index card
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Presentation Outline
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Providing listeners with new information or ideas
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Informing
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Influencing listeners' attitudes and behavior
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Persuading
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Stimulating a sense of community through the celebration of common bonds among speaker and listeners
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Entertaining
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Using another person's words as if they were your own
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Plagiarism
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A sensory process in which sound waves are transmitted to the brain and someone becomes conscious of sound
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Hearing
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A mental operation involving processing sound waves, interpreting their meaning, and storing their meaning in memory
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Hearing
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Verbal and nonverbal audience response to a speech; usually taken seriously by a speaker and incorporated into the speech when possible
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Feedback
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The length of time a person will attend to a message without feeling distracted
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Attention Span
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The tendency to regard two similar messages as basically indentical, blurring the distinction between them
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Assimilation
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Diagramming the relationship between the thesis of a speech and its main ideas
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Mapping
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Listening that enables you to offer both an accurate rendering of the speech and an interpretation and assessment of it
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Critical Listening
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Unstated, taken-for-granted, beliefs in a particular situation
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Assumptions
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Considered, thoughtful (as opposed to automatic)
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Reflective
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Judgments that can be articulated and defended by providing the reasons for them
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Critical Judgments
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Evaluation of a speech according to the effects it produced
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Effectiveness Standard
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Evaluation of a speech according to its ethical execution of principles of public speaking without regard to its actual effects
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Artistic Standard
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The analytical assessment of messages that are intended to affect other people
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Rhetorical Criticism
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By checking _______________ you will consider how your speech should respond to certain characteristics of the audience as a whole - such as its size, age range, and educational level
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Audience Demographics
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By respecting _______________, you will become aware of how listeners approach your speech in terms of their interests, beliefs and values, prior understanding, and common knowledge
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Audience Cultures
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By understanding _____________, you will realize that listeners are selective about what they attend to and perceive
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Audience Psychology
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The characteristics of the audience as a whole (i.e. size, heterogeneity, status as captive or voluntary, and composition)
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Demographics
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Variety or diversity among audience members; dissimilarity
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Heterogeneity
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Buzzwords or phrases that are devoid of specific content
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Platitudes
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Assuming that all members of a demographic category are alike in all respects
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Stereotyping
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Subjective factors that characterize a particular audience and make its situation distinct
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Audience Culture
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Personal gain or loss resulting from an action or policy
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Self-interest
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What an individual regards as interesting or important
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Personal Interests
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Statements that listeners regard as true
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Beliefs
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Positive or negative judgements that listeners apply to a person, place, object, event or idea
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Values
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Talking down to an audience; assuming that listeners are not capable of thinking about a subject and reaching their own conclusions
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Condescending
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Facts that are commonly known among the members of a culture; common knowledge
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Cultural Facts
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Brief references to something with which the audience is assumed to be familiar
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Allusions
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Socially assigned positions such as "parent," "student," "employee," and "citizen"
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Roles
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Groups with which listeners identify, regardless of whether they belong to them. Serve as guides or models of behavior
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Reference Groups
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When people regard their values of their specific culture to be universal
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Egocentrism
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A tendency to expose oneself to messages that are important personally and that are consistant with what one already believes
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Selective Exposure
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Conscious or unconscious choice about whether or not to focus intently on a speech, absorb and process its contents, and take it seriously
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Selective Attention
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The interpretation or understanding given to a speech; the meaning it has for a listener
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Perception
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Listeners who share the characteristics of people in general
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General Public
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Subject-matter areas with distinct norms or assumptions
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Fields
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An imaginary audience made up of all resonable people
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Universal Audience
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Saying whatever will please an audience even if it is not what the speaker really believes
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Pandering
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The generation of materials for a speech
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Invention
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The structuring of materials within the main ideas, the organization of main ideas within the body of the speech, and the overall structure of introduction, body, and conclusion
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Arrangement
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The distinctive character that may make a speech recognizable or memorable
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Style
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The presentation of the speech to an audience
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Delivery
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Mental recall of the key ideas and the basic structure of the speech
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Memory
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A mode of delivery in which the speaker reads aloud the prepared text of the speech
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Manuscript Presentation
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The subject area of the speech
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Topic
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A plan of action to achieve stated goals
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Strategy
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Formation of common bonds between the speaker and the audience
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Identification
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Speaking that focuses on the present and is usually concerned with praise
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Ceremonial
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Speaking that focuses on the future and is usually concerned with what should be done
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Deliberative
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Speaking that focuses on the past and is usually concerned with rendering judgment
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Forensic
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A mental free-associatiopn exercise in which one identifies, without evaluation, the first thoughts that come to mind when one is presented with a given term or category
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Brainstorming
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Meaning "common places" or "common topics", common or typical categories for organizing subject matter
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Topoi
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An identification of the objectives to be sought in a speech and the means for achieving them
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Strategic Plan
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The outcome the speaker wishes to achieve; the response desired from the audience
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Purpose
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The point of view from which one approaches a topic
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Perspective
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Causing listeners to be aware of and to think about a topic that previously had escaped their attention
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Agenda Setting
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The replacement of one set of beliefs by another that is inconsistent with the first
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Conversion
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Statement of the overall goal of the speech; providing new information or perspective, agenda setting, creating positive or negative feeling, strenghtening commitment, weakening commitment, conversoin, or inducing a specific action
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General Purpose Statement
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Statement of the particular outcome sought from the audience; a more specific version of a general purpose
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Specific Purpose Statement
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A question raised by the thesis statement that must be addressed in order for the thesis itself to be addressed effectively
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Issue
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The process of looking for and discovering supporting materials for the speech
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Research
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Exploration of a speech topic to determine which subordinate topics must be covered
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Analysis
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When we know something to be true on the basis of broad social consensus
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Social Knowledge
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The following statement is an example of a ___________.
"If you want something done right, do it yourself." |
Maxim
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Sometimes common knowledge takes the form of ____________________. For example, whether correctly or not, most Americans believe that large government programs don't work, that taxes are too high, etc.
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Generally Held Beliefs
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Common knowledge is also expressed in ______________, such as the importance of protecting the environment, and the commitment to a right to privacy.
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Value Judgements
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The beliefs and values that members of a society or culture generally share
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Common Knowledge
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The assumption that a statement or claim is true until shown otherwise
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Presumption
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Primary sources that can establish a claim directly, without opinion or speculation
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Documents
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Numbers recording the extent of something or the frequency with which it occurs
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Statistics
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Information or an opinion expressed by someone other than the speaker, cited to support some claim
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Testimony
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A question with a finite number of choices from which the respondant must pick
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Closed Question
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A question that does not restrict the range of possible responses
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Open-Ended Question
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A question that explores the implications of a previous response
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Follow-Up Question
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A file of clippings, quotations, ideas, and other gleanings on a variety of subjets that may be used as supporting materials
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Speech Material File
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Proof established through interaction between the speaker and the listeners; provides support for a conclusion but no assurance that it is true
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Rhetorical Proof
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Would be inferred by most people when exercising their critical judgment
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Reasonable
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Any idea in the speech - whether a main point or a subordinate point - can be regarded as a ____________.
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Unit of Proof
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A statement that a speaker asks listeners to accept and that the speaker tries to prove
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Claim
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A mental leap from the supporting materal to the claim
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Inference
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Specific instances used to illustrate a more general claim
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Examples
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Typical of the larger category from which a case is selected
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Representative
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An inference that appears to be sound but that, on inspection, contains a significant flaw
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Fallacy
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Assuming that what is true of the part is automatically true of the whole
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Fallacy of Composition
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Assuming that what is true of the whole is automatically true of the part
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Fallacy of Division
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A comparison of people, places, things, events, or more abstract relationships
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Analogy
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A direct comparison of objects, people, or events
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Literal Analogy
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A comparison of the relationships between objects, people, or events
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Figurative Analogy
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Something that stands for something else
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Sign
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Regarding something that can be observed as a sign of something that cannot
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Physical Observation (as a sign)
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A statistical measure that is taken as a sign of an abstraction
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Statistical Index (as a sign)
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A sign relationship that results from norm or social convention
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Institutional Regularity (as a sign)
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A pattern of inference that suggests that one factor brings about another
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Causal Inference
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What are the four types of Inference from Cause?
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Prediction, Assignment of Responsibility, Explanation, and Steps to a Goal
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What does post hoc mean?
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After this
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Assuming that one thing causes another when in fact a third factor really is the cause of both
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Common Cause Fallacy
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Assuming that, because one event occured before another, the first is necessarily the cause of the second
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Post Hoc Fallacy
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Testimony from a person who is not an expert
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Lay Testimony
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To offer judgements without providing any basis for them
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Pontificate
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The quality of striking a responsive chord with listeners, causing them to identify with what one is saying
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Resonance
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A claim that, on its face, is unrelated to the supporting material
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Non Sequitor
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Only restating the claim in slightly different words, rather than supporting the claim
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Circular Argument
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Making an inference that diverts attention from the issue at hand
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Ignoring the Question
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Having multiple meanings
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Equivocal
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The selection of ideas and materials and their arrangement into a discernible and effective pattern
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Organization
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Claims that address the issues in the thesis statment; the primary divisions of the speech
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Main Ideas
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Structure in which phrases are of similar syntax and length
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Parallel Structure
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Clear relationships among ideas and topics so that the speech appears to hang together as a natural whole
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Coherence
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Cannot stand on its own but requires that some other claim or statement be true
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Logically Dependant Idea
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Does not require the truth of any other claim or statement as a condition for its own truth
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Logically Independant Idea
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A tendency for what is presented first to be best remembered
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Primacy Effect
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A tendency for what is presented last to be best remembered
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Recency Effect
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Ideas that are components of or support for the main ideas in the speech
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Subheadings
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Division of the body of the speech among selected categories for discussion
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Partition
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A question for which no answer is expected but which encourages listeners to think
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Rhetorical Question
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Condensed restatement of the princial ideas just discussed
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Summary
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A connection, or bridge, between the main elements of the speech and between the main ideas within the body of the speech
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Transition
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A preview within the body of the speech, leading into one of the main ideas
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Internal Preview
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A summary within the body of the speech, drawing together one of the main ideas
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Internal Summary
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Using verbal cues to indicate to an audience where you are in the structure of the speech
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Signposting
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Designating the supporting materials for a main idea with the subordinate symbol and indentation system in an outline
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Subordination
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Designating all ideas that are on the same level of importance with the same symbol series and level of indentation in an outline
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Coordination
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A notion that encompasses a multitude of ideas, abstract, but not tangible. But also agreed that it is "good"
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Ideagraph
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List the five major headings (in order) of a speaker's choices and activities
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Invention, Arrangement, Style, Delivery, Memory
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